tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81444128720993773672024-03-29T01:06:31.555-06:00South Fork CompanionIdaho History, History, and Other Musings and RantsRevue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.comBlogger609125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-63681489332521481802024-03-29T01:06:00.000-06:002024-03-29T01:06:00.124-06:00Prominent Attorney and Exposition Secretary George Huebner [otd 03/29]Attorney George C. Huebner was born March 29, 1879 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. (Older records show the name as Huebener.) After graduating from high school there, George apparently worked at a store his father owned in Minneapolis, Minnesota. At the same time, he attended the University of Minnesota Law School.<br />
<br />
He received his degree in 1903 and moved to Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, the following spring. He was quickly admitted to the state bar and practiced in North Idaho for about a year. In 1905, Governor Frank Gooding appointed him Chief Clerk of the Idaho State Penitentiary, so he moved to Boise.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Ho6CWL5gVyZdCiLbQ_olWnee26rEjy_DU3o-y-BCW1wu2GPOd0zrXTfq7O6kdIRfVSHRKBvV_WBcJb-fH2pQg4NYBMqOz0fJN0N73c3UoACIBTZSOoDnqGKFm4EKXBQ_kCTaib9A9Bo/s1600/H_Orchard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4Ho6CWL5gVyZdCiLbQ_olWnee26rEjy_DU3o-y-BCW1wu2GPOd0zrXTfq7O6kdIRfVSHRKBvV_WBcJb-fH2pQg4NYBMqOz0fJN0N73c3UoACIBTZSOoDnqGKFm4EKXBQ_kCTaib9A9Bo/s200/H_Orchard.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Harry Orchard.<br />
University of Missouri Archives.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In his position as Chief Clerk, Huebner recorded the official transcript of Harry Orchard’s confession to the assassination of ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg [blog, Dec 30]. Later, George also recorded the confession of Steve Adams, an alleged accomplice. Although his testimony concerned other crimes, Adams also implicated the Western Federation of Miners in the assassination. In his words, “they wanted to ‘get’ Steunenberg.”<br />
<br />
Huebner filled the penitentiary position until April 1909, when Governor James H. Brady selected him to be Secretary of the Idaho Commission for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Earlier that year, the Governor had urged the legislature to correct the oversight of the previous session, which had failed to provide funds for an Idaho exhibit at the Seattle event.<br />
<br />
The Expo was scheduled to begin in June, so Brady recommended quick action to create "an exhibit that will be a credit to our state." The legislature complied and preparations hurried forward, including the selection of Huebner. Right away, Brady led the Commission on a trip to Seattle to select a suitable location on the Expo grounds for the Idaho exhibit.<br />
<br />
Exposition leaders soon discovered that commemorative “days” – dedicated to various groups, products, and so on – seemed to greatly enhance attendance. Thus, “Military Day,” “Spokane Day,” and “Swedish Day” were all well attended. Idaho had its chance to shine with (obviously) Idaho Day, along with Lewiston Day, Boise Day, and a day for three silver-mining towns. (The potato was not yet, in 1909, a major product, so there was no “Spud Day.”)<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzy_Rh81u4Hf2YaBWMEIFaXwP6jDg3_NVs5qXHbqkGsxiBNuloti1jf6tAWGRg8N6hZlR2dK_0pPd5hdCRQzWQfpqqUt963HtM9J6RyRHi4w_kdBZjFZm-HiXyOiiJArwF1UfDxz1hB98/s1600/Expo_Idaho.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzy_Rh81u4Hf2YaBWMEIFaXwP6jDg3_NVs5qXHbqkGsxiBNuloti1jf6tAWGRg8N6hZlR2dK_0pPd5hdCRQzWQfpqqUt963HtM9J6RyRHi4w_kdBZjFZm-HiXyOiiJArwF1UfDxz1hB98/s320/Expo_Idaho.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Idaho Building.<br />
University of Washington, Special Collections.</td></tr>
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<br />
Overall, despite the short notice, the Commission made an excellent showing, with an entire building dedicated to the products and prospects of the state. The Expo ended in mid-October. Huebner’s tenure as Secretary ended with his compilation of a final report. Commenting on the report, the <i>Idaho Statesman</i> (December 1, 1909) said, “The impossible has been accomplished.” The exhibit actually made a profit, so “… a balance of $739.80 which will be turned back to the treasury.”<br />
<br />
When James Brady was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1913, Huebner served as his private secretary for most of 1914. He then returned to private law practice in Boise.<br />
<br />
In 1917, George moved his practice to Emmett. He retained a number of business interests in Boise, however, and was often listed as a visitor there. In 1934, Huebner ran unsuccessfully for judge of the district that includes Gem County. (Emmett is the county seat.) Two years later, he was a candidate for the state Senate, again unsuccessfully.<br />
<br />
George became City Attorney for Emmett in 1938. He did not retire from that position until 1963, when he was 84 years old. He passed away in November 1972.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French], [Hawley]</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“Adams Told of Trade in Murder,”<i> The New York Times</i> (February 24, 1907).</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition (1909): Special Days,"<i> Essay 8461,</i> HistoryLink.org (January 17, 2008). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Biographical Note,"<i> George Huebner Collection, MS 773,</i> Idaho State Historical Society.</td></tr>
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Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-79093226700520535602024-03-28T01:07:00.000-06:002024-03-28T01:07:00.127-06:00Governor Issues Proclamation to End Owyhee War [otd 03/28]Idaho Governor D. W. Ballard issued a proclamation on March 28, 1868 to halt a shooting war near Silver City. The statement said, in part, "the lawless proceedings of the parties referred to must cease and peace and order be restored, and to that end the whole power of the territory will be used." <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgnb-uk4oLSSSIWtINu5320umwNayYiO5tyJfYxaVppVOSJqrV4WVmYpbcQkNihc_AlSS2WuPROyR-OEfSo96B7QJE3U92qKBd160WwGa6qobkyixqGi6QtY-unNp0svh44ZVZ3yAQRs/s1600/WarEagleMt.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivgnb-uk4oLSSSIWtINu5320umwNayYiO5tyJfYxaVppVOSJqrV4WVmYpbcQkNihc_AlSS2WuPROyR-OEfSo96B7QJE3U92qKBd160WwGa6qobkyixqGi6QtY-unNp0svh44ZVZ3yAQRs/s320/WarEagleMt.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mine and mill buildings on War Eagle Mountain, 1866.<br />
<i>Historical ... Directory of Owyhee County.</i></td></tr>
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<br />
The conflict, now known as the "Owyhee War," occurred between two competing mining companies: the Ida Elmore and the Golden Chariot. Both had claims on War Eagle Mountain, 1-2 miles southeast of Silver City.<br />
<br />
The lode that developed into the Ida Elmore had been discovered in the summer of 1863. Within a few years, mining investor J. Marion More and a partner gained control of the mine. More had arrived early in the northern mining regions, and then got in on the ground floor in the Boise Basin. By the mid-1860s, he was one of the wealthiest capitalists in the Territory, and well known in Western mining circles.<br />
<br />
Prospectors also found several other likely veins in War Eagle Mountain, one of the most promising being the Golden Chariot. By the end of 1867, owners had shipped or stockpiled over 350 tons of valuable ore. <br />
<br />
Registration records for the claims showed that they overlapped on a two-dimensional map. However, no one paid much attention to this commonly-occurring feature; the respective veins were at quite different depths within the ridge. Developers assumed – in perhaps a bit of wishful thinking – that the two lodes did not connect deep below ground.<br />
<br />
That turned out to be an incorrect assumption. When their tunnels met, the confrontation escalated into an underground shooting war. To make matter worse, partisans for both sides flocked to the area from other mining districts.<br />
<br />
The first deaths occurred on March 25 and 26, when one man on each side was killed. Soon, the exchanges became extremely heavy, and included blasts with “giant powder” and fire bombs. A later investigator observed that one 15-inch supporting beam had been "nearly cut in two" by bullet impacts.<br />
<br />
The same day as the proclamation, the <i>Owyhee Avalanche</i>, in Silver City, published (March 28, 1868) an overview of the dispute. The article concluded, “As there are, at least, fifty men armed to the teeth, on each side, we are prepared, at any time, to hear of a bloody battle.”<br />
<br />
Aside from such reports, the governor had been forced to act by wide-spread rumors claiming many battle deaths and secret burials. (Later, investigators were unable to substantiate any of the wild claims.)<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrAoUKNyMdQ_W3WuSfWod_MCulMJomdWDOU5Fpi3_1S-PavfgC6BIRqdmPQmJt-bS4SyImFLg8gCuHyksiCpWR15P59kYyukjGWOpWqJ0RTSpS2MPzw4IYxNC0NjGCNqJmbfB8e68iI4U/s1600/JM_More.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrAoUKNyMdQ_W3WuSfWod_MCulMJomdWDOU5Fpi3_1S-PavfgC6BIRqdmPQmJt-bS4SyImFLg8gCuHyksiCpWR15P59kYyukjGWOpWqJ0RTSpS2MPzw4IYxNC0NjGCNqJmbfB8e68iI4U/s200/JM_More.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">J. Marion More, ca. 1864.<br />
Idaho City Historical Foundation.</td></tr>
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The proclamation was delivered by a Deputy U.S. Marshal, who rode straight through from Boise in six hours. News that soldiers were being dispatched from Fort Boise to restore order bolstered his authority. These measures led to an uneasy truce. But bad feelings remained, and opposing viewpoints exchanged hot words.<br />
<br />
As usual in such affairs, what happened next is highly muddled. A Chariot supporter shot J. Marion More, supposedly because More was about to brain him with a rough walking stick. An Elmore partisan then shot the Chariot man in the arm.<br />
<br />
J. Marion died soon after the shooting. The Chariot man survived an amputation but died from gangrene several agonizing weeks later. Expressions of regret over More's death poured in, for he had friends all over Idaho. His body was returned to Idaho City for burial with full Masonic honors.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References [B&W], [Illust-State]</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Dale M. Gray, “War on the Mountain,"<i> Idaho Yesterdays,</i> Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter 1986).</td></tr>
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Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-87839070494031912812024-03-27T01:03:00.000-06:002024-03-27T01:03:00.235-06:00Stage Line Operator and Coach Driver Charles Haynes [otd 03/27]Long-time stagecoach driver Charles C. Haynes was born March 27, 1837 in Liverpool, Ohio, about thirty miles south of Youngstown. Before his twenty-first birthday, he had accumulated years of experience driving stagecoaches in Ohio, Michigan, and Iowa.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN0VWg1QWTd4wyPVP2063HYrxY9yp4zGPD5RpAIobdJtgjqm42UdT2pWUd6L5s5jMuy5ze3gWEFnvwijc-RYyb8S8KyRsXQ9C386mKvGT9x6dcNMeZAmg70-25fZLY0JNZqs4DVOft_gw/s1600/Stage_6-Horse.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN0VWg1QWTd4wyPVP2063HYrxY9yp4zGPD5RpAIobdJtgjqm42UdT2pWUd6L5s5jMuy5ze3gWEFnvwijc-RYyb8S8KyRsXQ9C386mKvGT9x6dcNMeZAmg70-25fZLY0JNZqs4DVOft_gw/s320/Stage_6-Horse.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Took a top driver to handle a 6-horse hitch. Library of Congress.</td></tr>
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<br />
Railroads were supplanting stage lines there by 1857, so he moved west. The following year he began driving stagecoaches in Missouri and Kansas. Thus, for two years, Charlie staged in and out of Topeka. During the Civil War, he drove along the lines between Atchison, Kansas and various Rocky Mountain destinations. After that, Haynes moved even further west. He staged for a few months across eastern Idaho between Salt Lake and the Montana gold camps before heading for the West Coast.<br />
<br />
Haynes spent nearly two years driving stage in California for the Wells-Fargo Express Company. He then returned to the Montana route out of Salt Lake. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 relegated Western stage lines to local and regional routes, usually carrying passengers, mail, and light freight to and from major railway stations.<br />
<br />
For a year or so after the transcontinental line was completed, Haynes staged in central California and western Nevada. He often found himself moving on because railroad service had overtaken the stagecoach. Thus, in late 1870, Haynes became division agent for the stage line between Elko and Boise City. Two years later, he took charge of a route from Kelton, Utah to Boise City. After three years in that position, in returned to California to oversee routes there.<br />
<br />
After about 1877, Hayes briefly ran his own stage lines, first into the Tuscarora, Nevada mining region and then in the Wood River area of Idaho. In about 1880, he retired to a ranch on Goose Creek in Cassia County. (The 1880 Census shows him there with wife Nancy and two stepsons.) In the mid-1880s, he served as Deputy U.S. Marshall, a position he held again in 1891-1893. He also served as a constable in Shoshone and as Lincoln County sheriff.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMks_nppPTVB8xCnSLzUUXC_QtqJDGhyF4QUpaqJR7LR9KqMywL231eTHvKrbkZzwI43o1sAKeRCPWmj4d4J0lVdWQ0m_jzw5b8dKDDG4MWevKy1_gvqPWOCSpkJ2AJnDe45wdfpnvT6k/s1600/CC_Hayes.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMks_nppPTVB8xCnSLzUUXC_QtqJDGhyF4QUpaqJR7LR9KqMywL231eTHvKrbkZzwI43o1sAKeRCPWmj4d4J0lVdWQ0m_jzw5b8dKDDG4MWevKy1_gvqPWOCSpkJ2AJnDe45wdfpnvT6k/s200/CC_Hayes.jpg" width="182" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">C. C. Hayes, ca. 1895.<br />
Photo from Root-Connelly reference.</td></tr>
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<br />
He still owned the Cassia County ranch in 1890, along with other property in Shoshone. However, the Shoshone hotel he purchased in 1889 burned down in November 1890. After that, Haynes spent his time overseeing his various other properties and transporting tourists to see Shoshone Falls. <br />
<br />
Haynes transported the tourists in his own old Concord stagecoach. Observers noted that the “vehicle is a little marred by the Indians’ bullets and arrows” but was in fine shape otherwise. No less a personage than renowned orator and Presidential hopeful William Jennings Bryan affirmed that old "Uncle Charley" could still "finger the ribbons" with the best at the age of sixty. Bryan's 1897 letter to the <i>Shoshone Journal </i>said, in part, "Our driver, Capt. C. C. Haynes, was so experienced, and his horses so fast, that the twenty-five-mile coach ride across the lava-covered plain was made in less than four hours, and was neither tiresome nor unpleasant."<br />
<br />
In the Haynes biography recorded in 1914, H. T. French wrote, "it has been his privilege to witness events that have made history, and he has played no small part in shaping the destiny of the great Northwest."<br />
<br />
In early February, Uncle Charley went to visit old-time friends in Boise. He passed away there about two week after suffering a severe stroke. In reporting his death, the<i> Idaho Statesman</i> (February 21, 1914) said, “He is well known to the old residents of southern Idaho.”<br />
<u> </u> <br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French]</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Frank A. Root, William Elsey Connelley,<i> The Overland Stage to California,</i> Nabu Press (1901, facsimile 2010).</td></tr>
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Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-79894013540476980572024-03-26T01:05:00.000-06:002024-03-26T01:05:00.127-06:00Freighter, Stagecoach Driver, and Eagle Developer John Carpenter [otd 03/26]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQWU_hJv_HElij4sRH2ndMQdGvZzgORXKaipvfOKE8aP9kw7xAE8ReUCdBg-7ybaFrIW7eOiyOxfJIBmlwFl2y_h-FANhe0-DA5J1QiojanP2YVwpP4qLHx-LmCyMvYLY6LLK1NOQFOmI/s1600/Carpenter.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQWU_hJv_HElij4sRH2ndMQdGvZzgORXKaipvfOKE8aP9kw7xAE8ReUCdBg-7ybaFrIW7eOiyOxfJIBmlwFl2y_h-FANhe0-DA5J1QiojanP2YVwpP4qLHx-LmCyMvYLY6LLK1NOQFOmI/s200/Carpenter.jpg" width="163" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John R. Carpenter.<br />
J. H. Hawley photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Pioneer John R. Carpenter was born March 26, 1846 near Albany, New York. In 1859, John helped his father drive a covered wagon to California while his mother traveled by ship around Cape Horn. After mining and ranching in California and then Oregon for some time, the family moved to Idaho in the spring of 1863.<br />
<br />
John and his father hauled logs and carried freight for several years. On one early trip to procure supplies in Oregon, highwaymen attacked and robbed them. During the altercation, John received a wound in the hand and wrist. He never regained the use of two fingers on that hand.<br />
<br />
Life in Idaho City during that period was wild and dangerous. Carpenter later said he had seen as many as four dead bodies on the streets at one time, and sometimes you could hardly move through all the crush of wagons and teams. Demand for goods was so great that nothing of value could be left unattended for fear of thieves. A story went around about a luckless crook who made off with two hundred pounds of flour. Then he came to a steep hill and had to split his load and carry only half to the top. But when he returned for the other half, another thief had already stolen it. So he trudged back to the top of the hill, where he found that that too was gone.<br />
<br />
John worked full-time for his father in farming and ranching for about two years. He then began hauling freight by pack train and wagon, and drove the Idaho City to Boise City stage for awhile. John apparently worked part time at his father’s ranch until 1876, when his father sold out and retired back to the East. Later, John hauled freight from Kelton, Utah to Boise City, and drove stage routes all over southern Idaho<br />
<br />
During the Bannock War of 1878, Carpenter served as express messenger and scout for Federal and local troops. Because of his knowledge of the terrain, leaders sometimes sent him out to find and repair breaks in government telegraph lines. On one repair trip, he barely avoided being attacked and killed by Indians.<br />
<br />
On another occasion, he carried a message from Boise City to an Army column on the Camas Prairie, far east of Mountain Home. The commander was reportedly “dumbfounded” that he had avoided the numerous hostile Indian bands that then infested the countryside.<br />
<br />
After the tribes had been suppressed, John went back to hauling freight and driving stage. For several years, he drove stagecoaches in the Wood River area for stage line tycoon John Hailey. Despite his impaired hand, “Carpenter was known as one of the best stage drivers in the United States.”<br />
<br />
In 1895, he homesteaded in the area that became Eagle, about 8-9 miles northwest of Boise City. Eagle Island had been settled over thirty years earlier [blog, Dec 21], but the area had grown very little. Within a few years after John settled there, another major landowner promoted a bridge to the island and the Eagle community began to expand. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2zNZUiY4ys_-kZTlKd_BoDpNz7SVngrWgXoaLhQ5Wp-PzW06YgdAK4mpr6cFmSLjB7tTlX57XSEzJMQ4v8Ob6YxS24TPM3aO4sS1gkOWso6Q635aLlfFhj0Z7IWD9MmJBbvV4B41y4qw/s1600/Eagle-Odd_Fell.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2zNZUiY4ys_-kZTlKd_BoDpNz7SVngrWgXoaLhQ5Wp-PzW06YgdAK4mpr6cFmSLjB7tTlX57XSEzJMQ4v8Ob6YxS24TPM3aO4sS1gkOWso6Q635aLlfFhj0Z7IWD9MmJBbvV4B41y4qw/s320/Eagle-Odd_Fell.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odd Fellows Hall. Eagle Historical Museum.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Carpenter joined forces with the developer, selling fifteen acres as a town site. In 1902, he also donated land for an Odd Fellows Hall. Carpenter continued to encourage development of the town for many years. The biography in Hawley’s <i>History</i>, published in 1920, said, “There is no phase of the state’s development and upbuilding with which he is not familiar.”<br />
<br />
John lived in Eagle until his death in March, 1936.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [Hawley]</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Laurie Baker, “The City of Eagle: Yesterday and Today,”<i> City of Eagle,</i> Official Website (May, 2007).</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>John Hailey,<i> History of Idaho,</i> Syms-York Company, Boise, Idaho (1910).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-42213901314675295302024-03-25T01:04:00.000-06:002024-03-25T01:04:00.136-06:00Gutzon Borglum: Sculptor of Gigantic Figures, Including Mount Rushmore [otd 3/25]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTOPcOs4mYH1HMVOyVxqSsDwcQ4x-djybQO8BJCYZESvljn1kjbL9LKMKWoVFO78vMmGRYqdDsCHzJg_OaMVtEBGmXdXl1su6zIBpoZsHtPIQScaImVARcupTw0cHnSHVALyDJzci3zRY/s1600/Broglum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTOPcOs4mYH1HMVOyVxqSsDwcQ4x-djybQO8BJCYZESvljn1kjbL9LKMKWoVFO78vMmGRYqdDsCHzJg_OaMVtEBGmXdXl1su6zIBpoZsHtPIQScaImVARcupTw0cHnSHVALyDJzci3zRY/s200/Broglum.jpg" width="140" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gutzon Borglum, ca. 1925.<br />
Library of Congress.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Gutzon Borglum, who created the Mount Rushmore monument, was born March 25, 1867 in St. Charles, Idaho, near Bear Lake. "The best archival research" indicates that the family moved to Los Angeles in 1884 and Gutzon stayed there when the rest moved on.* <br />
<br />
Borglum began his artistic career as a painter, studying first in California. There he met divorcée Lisa Putnam – a well-connected painter – who became his mentor, manager, and eventually his wife (she was eighteen years older than her protégé). <br />
<br />
A year after they were married in 1889, the couple moved to Paris. There, Gutzon studied at several prestigious art schools and studios, and branched out into sculpture. Borglum earned praise, and commissions, for both his painting and sculpture, but he soon began to concentrate on the latter. He completed several important commissions in Europe before returning to the U.S. in 1901.<br />
<br />
With a base in New York City, Borglum established a major reputation as a sculptor, aided by his outstanding talent and his persistent cultivation of the media – then the big metropolitan newspapers and national magazines. He attained celebrity status when he began producing out-sized works of art, such as the 40-inch-high bust of President Lincoln displayed in the U. S. Capitol building.<br />
<br />
This and other huge works led to a commission for what … eventually … became the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial, on the outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia. The project backers initially envisioned “simply” a giant carving of Confederate General Robert E. Lee on the granite face of Stone Mountain. <br />
<br />
Borglum fell in love with the notion of carving a whole mountain. He proposed a project to honor a host of Confederate heroes: Lee, Jefferson Davis, and something like seventy officers from all the Confederate states. Of course, his concept proved far too costly and leaders cut it back substantially. Some preparative work began in 1916-1917, but the advent of World War I halted the project.<br />
<br />
Work resumed after the war, leading to a huge splash of publicity in early 1923. The item in the <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i> (February 18, 1923) was fairly typical: “The huge figures will be visible for miles. They will make a work of sculpture which will rival the famous Sphinx of Egypt and dwarf the pyramids.”<br />
<br />
The following year, all that ballyhoo about the proposed project attracted the attention of the South Dakota State Historian. The Historian approached Borglum with a rather modest notion of carving The Needles – a forest of granite spires – into giant statues of western heroes. Borglum had a more grandiose idea: Not obscure Westerners most people had never heard of, but true national figures ... and on a colossal scale. <br />
<br />
Planning for a national-scale monument began almost immediately. Thus, when major disagreements arose between Borglum and the Stone Mountain backers in 1925, he abandoned that project altogether. (Almost a half century passed before Atlantans dedicated their memorial.)<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoVfQcLJ_E57rIpM9CNPr_OJzh6I0LbbU5d44q6LdhkSVmyqDj1d6XoL-miJctr_0iUV-NKRT0b1e05ayqHLGgGJsJxuGIhRd2tHlXK1ja1hQK5mmJfmAOwzPQcP78AZi3hHhx7g8_OI/s1600/Rushmore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfoVfQcLJ_E57rIpM9CNPr_OJzh6I0LbbU5d44q6LdhkSVmyqDj1d6XoL-miJctr_0iUV-NKRT0b1e05ayqHLGgGJsJxuGIhRd2tHlXK1ja1hQK5mmJfmAOwzPQcP78AZi3hHhx7g8_OI/s320/Rushmore.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mount Rushmore National Monument.<br />
National Park Service.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Rock-work began on Mount Rushmore in 1927. They completed Washington’s head three years later. With the stock market crash and Great Depression, the second head – Jefferson’s – was not unveiled until 1937. Lincoln’s followed a year later, and Roosevelt’s two years after that. The final carving was not completed until October 1941. Borglum himself did not live to see the completion: he died in March of that year. <br />
<br />
* It's somewhat unclear when this move actually happened because, like many celebrities, Borglum "tinkered" with his biography over the years.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="References"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [Brit]</td> </tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Richard J. Beck,<i> Famous Idahoans</i>, Williams Printing, (© Richard J. Beck, 1989).</td> </tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Gutzon Borglum (1867-1941),"<i> The American Experience,</i> Public Broadcasting System (1999-2000).</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-89499581991018724442024-03-24T01:06:00.000-06:002024-03-24T01:06:00.129-06:00Battleship Idaho Commissioned, Becoming the Navy’s Fourth USS Idaho [otd 03/24]On March 24, 1919, battleship BB-42 – the <i>USS Idaho</i> – was commissioned into the Navy under the command of Captain Carl T. Vogelgesang.<br />
<br />
BB-42 was actually the fourth <i>Idaho</i> to sail for the U.S. Navy: predecessors included a wooden sloop-of-war, a motor launch, and an earlier battleship, BB-24. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRSBuqwwFzPRq_eArTyyQN0-tMAXqGcPKlyREj2lbh9GMOtUJMsHBnT9RvMithTTeY3ZpMRQWFA347tGhD1YEmUSajmnKvvpKkV0FPkUti3_txzKGWe97wCoV2RNPizLJalwxNMJudfXk/s1600/BB-24_1909.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRSBuqwwFzPRq_eArTyyQN0-tMAXqGcPKlyREj2lbh9GMOtUJMsHBnT9RvMithTTeY3ZpMRQWFA347tGhD1YEmUSajmnKvvpKkV0FPkUti3_txzKGWe97wCoV2RNPizLJalwxNMJudfXk/s400/BB-24_1909.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>USS Idaho</i>, BB-24, ca 1909. Library of Congress.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Launched in late 1905, BB-24 followed a design that was a compromise between fighting prowess and cost. As a result, a new generation of battleships soon made that <i>USS Idaho </i>obsolete. She was decommissioned and turned over to Greece in 1914. <br />
<br />
Battleship BB-42 had been christened not quite two years before commissioning, in June 1917, by the granddaughter of Idaho Governor Moses Alexander [blog, Nov 13], who was also in attendance.<br />
<br />
This <i>USS Idaho</i> had the latest design for the time, with a battery of twelve 14-inch guns. She played a significant role in American naval activity. After shakedown and training in the Atlantic, she transferred to Pacific waters. Her early duty was off the coast from California to Alaska, with occasional voyages as far south as Chile.<br />
<br />
In 1925, the <i>Idaho</i> performed exercises near Hawaii, and then sailed to Australia and New Zealand before returning to the West Coast.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBOtCfHoq6NHF3JDTryXi2JtVxNekRJI5GP0ciexe2rrXel7tm0c-EYAknw4q0xLPBRu8NJ03LYL5bM6EmHOfPRHbHIYthcNTRTDwtSdczUiJ5d0CZHzFD6XJSNqCma2Hzl7JSZ485ISk/s1600-h/IDA1925.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBOtCfHoq6NHF3JDTryXi2JtVxNekRJI5GP0ciexe2rrXel7tm0c-EYAknw4q0xLPBRu8NJ03LYL5bM6EmHOfPRHbHIYthcNTRTDwtSdczUiJ5d0CZHzFD6XJSNqCma2Hzl7JSZ485ISk/s400/IDA1925.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>USS Idaho</i> exiting Pearl Harbor,<br />
DT-2 torpedo plane overhead, Sept 1925.<br />
Naval Historical Center photo.</td></tr>
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From then until 1931, the <i>Idaho</i> was based at San Pedro, California, engaging in fleet readiness maneuvers off the coast and in the Caribbean.<br />
<br />
The <i>Idaho</i> spent 1931-1934 on the East Coast undergoing an extensive modernization refit. A modified turret design greatly increased the range of her main battery, and some smaller guns were replaced by an array of anti-aircraft weapons. Her deck and hull were also clad with more armor. These additions, plus changes to her higher superstructure, greatly increased her displacement (overall weight). However, installation of a new, more efficient power plant actually increased her top speed.<br />
<br />
After a stint in Pacific waters, she returned to the Atlantic. She was stationed in Iceland on December 7, 1941. Two days after the Pearl Harbor attack, the <i>Idaho</i> left Iceland to join the Pacific Fleet.<br />
<br />
The <i>USS Idaho</i> participated in many of the great World War II Pacific operations, receiving seven battle stars, including: the Marshall Islands, the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa.<br />
<br />
In April 1945, the <i>Idaho</i> steamed toward a special date with history, but was denied. In a desperate, suicidal throw of the dice, the Japanese Imperial command sent their superbattleship <i>Yamato</i> to try to break up or delay the attack on Okinawa. The American commander, Admiral Spruance, countered first with his battleship bombardment group, including the <i>Idaho</i>. However, they were “demoted” to a contingency force, and a carrier air strike sank the <i>Yamato</i> instead.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFGxJqoUhSujqtjOkWwUeD0OUYGgenIHPDoFt8SLj-byAHTsQ9x5UpptJv1BtuoHZ1ICLTs0fi2ckC4orIiseJNGVmz708MDeA793clwh6QGIrxjeVGYc2_1pHzKC1P6J_oOCiNCYZztA/s1600-h/IDA1945.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFGxJqoUhSujqtjOkWwUeD0OUYGgenIHPDoFt8SLj-byAHTsQ9x5UpptJv1BtuoHZ1ICLTs0fi2ckC4orIiseJNGVmz708MDeA793clwh6QGIrxjeVGYc2_1pHzKC1P6J_oOCiNCYZztA/s200/IDA1945.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>USS Idaho</i> bombarding Okinawa, April 1945.<br />
Naval Historical Center photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A sailor on the <i>Idaho</i> wrote, “There was a show of disappointment among the crew that we didn't get our chance at them, but on the other hand, had we met with this force, for sure, some of our ships would have taken a shellacking from the <i>Yamato's</i> 18-inch guns long before we would have come in range.” <br />
<br />
She suffered battle damage from a kamikaze off Okinawa, but returned to action after quick repairs in Guam. On September 2, 1945, the <i>Idaho</i> was anchored in Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender ceremony. After over a quarter century of service, the battleship was decommissioned in 1946 and then sold as scrap in November 1947.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: Dylan J. McDonald (Ed.),<i> The Moses Alexander Collection,</i> Idaho State Historical Society, Boise (2002). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>James A. Mooney (Ed.),<i> Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</i>, Dept. of the Navy (June 1991). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>William Schumann,<i> The Big Spud: USS Idaho in World War II,</i> The Merriam Press, Bennington, Vermont (© William Schumann, 2008).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-70621415352349762592024-03-23T01:00:00.000-06:002024-03-23T01:00:00.345-06:00Indian Unrest Forces Mormon Colonists to Abandon Fort Lemhi [otd 03/23]On March 23, 1858, a force of nearly 150 Utah militiamen arrived at Fort Lemhi, Idaho to escort the Mormon settlers there to safety: Indian hostility had rendered the settlement untenable. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzP0pgHUtBPoMHgMv1femOiL7drs4EbmiHmcSpGVJCeCIYOiOEaYl7YKQiX1UmyDlsqJGJFRO5TMJr_E-eeaJbc4T8JOHXNjmJHFT4Iax5aCLIf1inXzrqWfxvb22pOR1rz0PGJMjHe4Q/s1600/BrighamYoung.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzP0pgHUtBPoMHgMv1femOiL7drs4EbmiHmcSpGVJCeCIYOiOEaYl7YKQiX1UmyDlsqJGJFRO5TMJr_E-eeaJbc4T8JOHXNjmJHFT4Iax5aCLIf1inXzrqWfxvb22pOR1rz0PGJMjHe4Q/s200/BrighamYoung.jpg" width="190" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brigham Young, ca 1850.<br />
Utah State Historical Society.</td></tr>
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<br />
Three years earlier, church leader Brigham Young had tasked a band of Mormons to establish a mission among Idaho’s indigenous peoples “and there teach the Indians the principles of civilization.”<br />
<br />
A month later, the missionaries headed north from the Salt Lake area. They had no specific destination. Their instructions were to locate “anywhere that the tribes would receive them.” In the middle of June, 1855, they arrived in the Lemhi Valley, where the local tribes – Shoshone and Bannock, at first – welcomed them. <br />
<br />
Later accounts suggest that the Indians expected something more or less like the minimal impact they had seen elsewhere. These newcomers were relatively inept hunters and fishermen. They would be willing to trade manufactured goods for Indian furs, meat, and dried fish. Small farm plots would provide food for local consumption, with perhaps some left over as a further trade item.<br />
<br />
Thus, the Indians readily allowed the men to settle, surely hoping to have access to white trade goods. That was probably why they also recommended a settlement site in an area where the Shoshone, the Bannock, and the Nez Percé gathered during the summer to fish and trade among themselves.<br />
<br />
The colonists named their outpost Fort Limhi, after a king appearing in the Book of Mormon. In its altered form, the designation later became associated with the river and its valley. They immediately built a stockade of nine-foot-tall timbers. The area enclosed was large enough to protect a couple dozen cabins spaced around a central well. Over the next several weeks, the settlers added a blacksmith shop, plus a sawmill and large stock corral outside the wall.<br />
<br />
The colonists began cultivating land for farms as soon as the fort was reasonably complete. Unfortunately, they started too late in the area's short growing season and had to bring extra winter supplies in from Utah. The Mormons soon adapted, and more colonists joined them in 1857.<br />
<br />
The Lemhi Shoshone (rightly) saw that growth as a threat to their traditional foraging lands. There had also been a falling out between the Nez Percé and the other two tribes. Those bands saw continued trade between the settlers and the Nez Percé as an unfriendly act.<br />
<br />
Broader influences also played a role, as Idaho tribes clashed more and more with white emigrants on the Oregon Trail. Partly because of Indian unrest, the Hudson Bay Company had abandoned Old Fort Boise in 1854. Two years later, they also abandoned Old Fort Hall [blog, July 14].<br />
<br />
Finally, early in 1858, a Shoshone raid drove off most of the colony's cattle and horses. The Indians also killed two Mormons and wounded five others.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7lkJHrr3NiaBBkK6OPc1Zz4fQrwqMIGOjXgTyJA8s0Ve_4qcGN7uk9XVV6RIrLauNdOu42Na3YtqipmjT4l7yIEz0MvQ5Bl4Df5F_fdWIptn7a-Z8ilzzVJU-sjHRa_LLP6voS77xy5A/s1600-h/Fort_Lemhi1900.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7lkJHrr3NiaBBkK6OPc1Zz4fQrwqMIGOjXgTyJA8s0Ve_4qcGN7uk9XVV6RIrLauNdOu42Na3YtqipmjT4l7yIEz0MvQ5Bl4Df5F_fdWIptn7a-Z8ilzzVJU-sjHRa_LLP6voS77xy5A/s320/Fort_Lemhi1900.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fort Lemhi remains, ca. 1900. Lemhi County Historical Society.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
These stinging losses, and the possibility of further attacks, convinced the settlers that the colony could not survive. The militia force arrived in response to messengers sent south shortly after the raid. The party suffered one more casualty during the withdrawal. <br />
<br />
Mormon colonists never returned to the Lemhi, but other whites began moving into the valley within four years. Then, in 1866, prospectors discovered gold in the mountains to the north and triggered the rush that established Salmon City as a thriving town.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [B&W] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Judith Austin, “The Salmon River Mission,”<i> Reference Series No. 554,</i> Idaho State Historical Society (August 1976).</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>George Elmo Shoup, "History of Lemhi County,"<i> Salmon Register-Herald </i>(Series, May 8- October 23, 1940).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-15306174411139258332024-03-22T01:01:00.000-06:002024-03-22T01:01:00.126-06:00Brewery and Food Products Manager William Stoehr [otd 03/22]Brewery manager William Stoehr was born March 22, 1880 in Bethalto, Illinois, 25-30 miles north of St. Louis, Missouri. As a youth, William worked as a cooper, his father's trade. However, his real interest was the brewer's craft, so as a teenager he took a job at a large brewery in St. Louis. After five years there, he moved to Chicago to attend the American Brewing Academy, perhaps the top brewmaster’s school in the U.S. at that time.<br />
<br />
Stoehr received his certificate in 1902, along with a gold medal as top performer in his class. After that, he spent six months at a brewery in Illinois, and then became master brewer at a large plant in Seattle.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4vM7bezXIgN2W3gjsHJBT-NBXOwxsq1UgcxKy5HnJX6HS5sHHcQIV61sxz6uX4kDfy50ODoJ9O3dupeKKDFa6QVJmLPD7jpIUDLe6yon1-bWpNOgspY8EDz1gn8UFypEKVL_2GyiJ6dU/s1600-h/BeerMules.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4vM7bezXIgN2W3gjsHJBT-NBXOwxsq1UgcxKy5HnJX6HS5sHHcQIV61sxz6uX4kDfy50ODoJ9O3dupeKKDFa6QVJmLPD7jpIUDLe6yon1-bWpNOgspY8EDz1gn8UFypEKVL_2GyiJ6dU/s320/BeerMules.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beer by mule, Idaho Brewing & Malting Company.<br />
IMB logo on the hogshead.</td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
Then a Spokane company bought the Idaho Brewing Company in Boise. The <i>Idaho Statesman</i> reported (June 20, 1905) that, “William Stoehr of Seattle … has resigned his position there and will have charge of the Boise brewery as manager.”<br />
<br />
The facility he was hired to run could trace its roots, as the “City Brewery,” almost to the founding of Boise City. Certainly by September 1864, it was a thriving business. The plant had a succession of short-term owners before Joseph Misseldt, an emigrant from Prussia, acquired it in 1870. Sadly, he fell down a well and drowned in 1878. His widow sold the business to John Brodbeck. When Brodbeck sold it in 1901, the new owners changed the name to the Idaho Brewing Company.<br />
<br />
Aside from his manager’s position, Stoehr immersed himself in the business and social life of Boise. One of his several investments led him to a position as Secretary and Treasurer of the Boise Gas Light & Coke Company.<br />
<br />
However, prohibition came early to Idaho – in 1916 – thereby making the core product of the IB&M Company illegal. Officers quickly reinvented the business as the Idaho Products Company, making a variety of non-alcoholic beverages. They also set up plants in Meridian and Payette to dry fruits and to pack fruits and vegetables.<br />
<br />After awhile, company developers also devised an effective process to dehydrate potatoes. In fact, the company won a contract to supply dehydrated potatoes to the U. S. Army, but World War I ended before it could be completed. In addition to their own packing and shipping operations, Idaho Products handled sales and shipping for other regional producers. </p>
Most of the firm's managers – including the President – worked in Spokane, leaving Stoehr as the highest officer in Boise. Some time during this period, Stoehr himself acquired property west of Caldwell to grow fruit trees. Then, around 1930, he left the company and devoted himself to his orchard operation.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJOIc8w_t5kWzm88tHxeQDss7Wz0moA2BG5TJroqTNqHkqK0a5GcLJwoekvplsej-Ts15aSlSn9fU1OvIYguxUlcPucxVtWRrem8QuC2YZHF4YM5QScbJ5IOuyt4d692oXvdwBqyxVDA8/s1600-h/BohemianBeer.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJOIc8w_t5kWzm88tHxeQDss7Wz0moA2BG5TJroqTNqHkqK0a5GcLJwoekvplsej-Ts15aSlSn9fU1OvIYguxUlcPucxVtWRrem8QuC2YZHF4YM5QScbJ5IOuyt4d692oXvdwBqyxVDA8/s200/BohemianBeer.jpg" width="90" /></a></div><p> </p><p>When the U. S. gave up Prohibition as a bad idea, the company jumped back into brewing. The firm's President said <i>(Spokane Daily Chronicle</i>, June 27, 1933), "Bohemian Club Beer will be manufactured at Boise and new equipment will be installed in the old Idaho Brewing and Malting company plant there immediately."<br />
<br />
The article went on to note that, “The Boise staff will be headed by William Stoehr, in charge of manufacturing.”<br />
<br />
Stoehr remained with the Bohemian brewery until about 1937, when he returned to farming. A year later, the Overland Brewery in Nampa lured him out of “retirement” for a year or so to help with their operation. After that, he again returned to farming. Then, in 1956, he moved back into Boise, where he died from a heart attack about two years later.<br />
<u> </u><br />
</p><table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French], [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td><i>City Directory: Boise,</i> R. L. Polk & Company, Detroit, Michigan (1923-1956). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“[William Stoehr News],” <i> Idaho Statesman, </i>Boise (November 1915 – November 1958). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-8525091937959412782024-03-21T01:03:00.000-06:002024-03-21T01:03:00.132-06:00New Idaho Territorial Penitentiary Opens Near Boise [otd 03/21]On March 21, 1872, the <i>Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman</i> reported, “We understand that the Territorial prisoners are to be brought down to-day and placed in the penitentiary, under the charge of the U. S. Marshal.”<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiI-qGcEHX_A_3lqet47ZOvosMr74jzHTb4yY6I6iapnC57mYK3u8T8n-S30V_rfB0-1TWCPxJI1AYJu4lSDhYh7vykiC4ZFlITRZzDYJExiLyiDGM-SKRSJoURSx8d4Pf4UZzR7sUv6w/s1600/BoiseCounty_Jail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiI-qGcEHX_A_3lqet47ZOvosMr74jzHTb4yY6I6iapnC57mYK3u8T8n-S30V_rfB0-1TWCPxJI1AYJu4lSDhYh7vykiC4ZFlITRZzDYJExiLyiDGM-SKRSJoURSx8d4Pf4UZzR7sUv6w/s320/BoiseCounty_Jail.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Boise County Jail.<br />
Idaho City Historical Foundation.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
This move initiated the use of a new Territorial Penitentiary in Boise City, Idaho. Eleven prisoners previously held in the Boise County jail in Idaho City became its first inmates.<br />
<br />
When Congress created Idaho Territory in 1863 [blog, March 4], the region had no penitentiary. Thus, Territorial prisoners were housed at county jails in Lewiston and Idaho City. Three years later, officials moved all such prisoners to the Idaho City unit.<br />
<br />
Accounts of the time indicate that the jail was, at best, a marginal facility [blog, Dec 31]. Finally, in early 1867, the Idaho Territorial Delegate to the U. S. Congress persuaded that body to appropriate funds for a prison. However, two years passed before the Territorial legislature saw fit to enact a process to certify and use the planned structure. Construction began in the spring of 1870, and was complete about a year later.<br />
<br />
Another year passed before officials could plan the transfer of prisoners to the new facility. They had to work out the details of who would have charge of the operation, and who would pay for what. Initially, the serving U. S. Marshal for Idaho Territory acted as prison warden.<br />
<br />
Still, as a federal facility, the new penitentiary housed convicts sent there by both Federal and Territorial courts. This helped spread the fixed costs over a larger population. H. T. French noted that the arrangement provided “a great saving to the territory over its previous outlay for the care of law breakers.”<br />
<br />
In 1885, the Territorial legislature created a separate Prison Commission. This three-member Commission watched over the budget and operation of the prison, and eventually had authority to investigate complaints about conditions at the facility. A year later, the prison received a donation of books to start a library. The library also subscribed to current newspapers and magazines, and made them available to the inmates.<br />
<br />
In 1890, the federal government turned the penitentiary over to the newly-admitted state of Idaho. According to Hawley’s <i>History</i>, “On August 1, 1890, there were seventy-five prisoners in the penitentiary, six of whom were United States prisoners.”<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLVg93mhXh6y2DCds0tsemTkhS3YC1S25T3YLbDw3N_muPYGEiyWXp20tLJAH8nYf_TMj3Y1PNWKPh6OgiisJyQ5Q618MFgADQiW6KhQf-HByWXnyMgIIEUkBS3Q5I7M4OILkdv6j9LI8/s1600/Idaho_Prisonjpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLVg93mhXh6y2DCds0tsemTkhS3YC1S25T3YLbDw3N_muPYGEiyWXp20tLJAH8nYf_TMj3Y1PNWKPh6OgiisJyQ5Q618MFgADQiW6KhQf-HByWXnyMgIIEUkBS3Q5I7M4OILkdv6j9LI8/s400/Idaho_Prisonjpg.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Idaho State Penitentiary, ca. 1918. J. H. Hawley photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Over a period of years, the Penitentiary grounds and facilities were expanded and officials implemented numerous upgrades.<br />
<br />
One major improvement was the construction of a massive outer wall. Prisoners who had been taught stone masonry actually cut sandstone from quarries east of the prison, then they and the other prisoners assembled the wall. The <i>Idaho Statesman</i> noted (July 12, 1894) that “The convicts at the penitentiary will have a holiday today in honor of the completion of the new stone wall.”<br />
<br />
Four years later, the prisoners also completed construction of a new stone dining hall. The prisoners’ room could hold “250 men, without any crowding, and could seat 300 men without any inconvenience. … ” Besides the kitchen, the main floor contained a separate staff and guard dining room. A full basement held six rooms, including a bake shop and a laundry. <br />
<br />
The state operated the facility until 1973, when all the prisoners were transferred to a modern new prison about ten miles south of Boise. That same year, the "Old Pen" was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today, the site is open to the public under the management of the Idaho State Historical Society.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Reference]: [French], [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Old Idaho Penitentiary,"<i> National Register of Historic Places,</i> National Park Service. </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Rachel S Johnstone,<i> Inmates of the Idaho Penitentiary 1864-1947,</i> Idaho State Historical Society, Boise (2008). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-48405445444294352492024-03-20T01:02:00.000-06:002024-03-20T01:02:00.167-06:00Rocky Mountain Fur Company Advertises for "Enterprising Young Men" [otd 03/20]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijF51_G30_pnxf1eyESzneOmvQXSBlOXYSfK02XpPk09SxI4lOS0fSomBFnvz5cvKriHVhK6mRT7yDOQNdO12WqwIpQN2lbDod3tnAPdmkBMAAV9zOPuH5YtCM8YGcSgBjE41Z6pp1X_Q/s1600-h/WH_Ashley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijF51_G30_pnxf1eyESzneOmvQXSBlOXYSfK02XpPk09SxI4lOS0fSomBFnvz5cvKriHVhK6mRT7yDOQNdO12WqwIpQN2lbDod3tnAPdmkBMAAV9zOPuH5YtCM8YGcSgBjE41Z6pp1X_Q/s200/WH_Ashley.jpg" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William H. Ashley.<br />
<a href="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-explorerlist-a.html">Legends of America</a>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Missouri Republican,</i> St. Louis, March 20, 1822: "To enterprising young men. The subscriber wishes to engage one hundred young men to ascend the Missouri river to its source, there to be employed for one, two, or three years … "<br />
<br />
Signed by William H. Ashley, the job posting marked the first public presence of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company (RMFC).<br />
<br />
At the time, independent American trappers and small fur companies were focused on exploiting the Missouri River watershed, east of the Continental Divide. Ashley and his partner, Andrew Henry, had more ambitious plans.<br />
<br />
Pennsylvanian Andrew Henry first entered the fur trade in 1808, when he was about thirty-three years old. He led an attempt to establish a Missouri Fur Company (MFC) post at Three Forks, in Montana. When Indian attacks ended that venture disastrously, he moved to Idaho and built Fort Henry, four to five miles southwest of today's St. Anthony.<br />
<br />
A hard winter soon crippled that effort. The MFC struggled along for a number of years, but the War of 1812 drew Henry's interest for the duration. After his military service, until he joined up with Ashley, Henry focused on mining activities around St. Louis.<br />
<br />
William Ashley had moved to St. Louis from Virginia in 1808, when he was about thirty years old. Prior to 1822, he engaged in real estate development, banking, and mining. He too served in the Missouri militia, rising from a captaincy during the War of 1812 to the rank of General in 1822. Along with all that, Ashley engaged in politics, being elected in 1820 as the first Lieutenant-Governor of the new state of Missouri.<br />
<br />
Although the Ashley-Henry announcement drew enough men to their new company, the RMFC got off to a shaky start: The Arikara Indians of South Dakota inflicted heavy losses on their Missouri River expedition. After that, the company avoided that area and dispatched trains of pack horses to the Rocky Mountains on a more direct overland route.<br />
<br />
RMFC trappers crossed the Continental Divide into the Green River area via South Pass in 1824. Two parties continued into Idaho – one, led by legendary Mountain Man Jedediah Smith, camped on the Portneuf River in the fall. In October, along the Salmon River, Smith's group met the "Snake Brigade," the large fur-trapping operation of the British-Canadian Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) [blog, Oct 6].<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1TfrmvF8X6Wr7JRLJhVO7w-NKuiY2UJ7WVjQYqUzSoqpQKdo2ok4Ew_DObAOxoXcp3rmLqEHL_Zh7f3xevWzwbfPgz1hXlN7d9CBcuoMB1ZDJzmUb5ee3KIeSuFaZAJCoRbsFv2jc0GE/s1600/Mt_Man-Remington.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1TfrmvF8X6Wr7JRLJhVO7w-NKuiY2UJ7WVjQYqUzSoqpQKdo2ok4Ew_DObAOxoXcp3rmLqEHL_Zh7f3xevWzwbfPgz1hXlN7d9CBcuoMB1ZDJzmUb5ee3KIeSuFaZAJCoRbsFv2jc0GE/s320/Mt_Man-Remington.jpg" width="259" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mountain Man. Frederic Remington drawing.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The RMFC overcame its inauspicious start and the 1823 and 1824 seasons yielded substantial returns. However, after perhaps too many years in the wilderness and too many close calls, Andrew Henry chose to retire from the fur trade. He returned to his mining interests and died just eight years later.<br />
<br />
Assessing the fur business, Ashley decided that the vast beaver resources west of the Continental Divide promised much better returns than the highly competitive Missouri River watershed. However, the region was too sparsely populated to support fixed trading posts. Traders in Canada had used temporary trading stations for some time, but those were small and largely<i> ad hoc.</i> Ashley adapted the idea to initiate what became a defining feature of the Mountain Man era, the annual rendezvous, a huge trading fair … and drunken celebration.<br />
<br />
Gatherings in 1825 and 1826 made Ashley a wealthy man. Thus, late in the 1826 affair, he essentially sold the Rocky Mountain Fur Company to three experienced traders. He never returned west. Later, he served several terms as a U. S. Congressman from Missouri, before his death in 1838.<br />
<br />
The RMFC would vigorously compete with the HBC, and with other American rivals, for the next decade. In the process, the Company would introduce a long line of famous Mountain Men into the trade: the Sublette brothers, David Jackson, Thomas "Broken Hand" Fitzpatrick, freed slave Jim Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, and many others.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [B&W] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>H. M. Chittenden,<i> The American Fur Trade of the Far West, </i>University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln (1986).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-66869799925566563032024-03-19T01:07:00.000-06:002024-03-19T01:07:00.122-06:00Arthur Cronquist: Famed Botanist with Idaho Connections [otd 03/19]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiHTXrT5kdQgcromT2OMaqydRbuWI6A6Fiiouvrs9sdZjoGqFF8Y-CXVBiKrIm78wFPtp9B8FBlZ3P0uqdSUVYOBLCHiPqDSYWiYDgalAW9vawLNUqGQbwOODAYClJKPXERWxr_Pg-kt4/s1600/Cronquist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiHTXrT5kdQgcromT2OMaqydRbuWI6A6Fiiouvrs9sdZjoGqFF8Y-CXVBiKrIm78wFPtp9B8FBlZ3P0uqdSUVYOBLCHiPqDSYWiYDgalAW9vawLNUqGQbwOODAYClJKPXERWxr_Pg-kt4/s200/Cronquist.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Cronquist. New York Botanical Garden.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
World-renowned botanist Dr. Arthur Cronquist was born March 19, 1919 in San Jose, California. An expert on the broad <i>Compositae</i> or <i>Asteraceae</i> family (sunflowers and daisies, among others), Cronquist began his scientific career in Idaho and maintained a life-long interest in the area. He grew up near Portland, Oregon and then Pocatello, Idaho.<br />
<br />
After high school, Arthur enrolled at the University of Idaho-Southern Branch (now Idaho State University [blog, Sept 22]). He planned to major in range management, which led him to a plant taxonomy course taught by eminent Idaho botanist Ray J. Davis. <br />
<br />
Davis sparked Arthur’s interest in botany, and became his mentor. As a semester project, the professor required each class member to do a field study on some plant family. The story is told that Arthur and another top student flipped a coin and the loser – Cronquist – had to “settle” for <i>Compositae</i>. The account concludes, “Thus do legends begin.”<br />
<br />
Arthur soon transferred to Utah State University, where he received a B.S. degree in 1938 and an M.S. two years later. During those years, he found time to study Idaho flora – around Dubois for the U. S. Forest Service, and also as a contract plant specimen collector. He earned a Ph.D. degree from the University of Minnesota in 1944. During the last year of his doctoral studies, he worked on his specialty at the New York Botanical Garden.<br />
<br />
Dr. Cronquist next held teaching positions at the University of Georgia and then at Washington State University. Starting in 1951, he served a year in Europe as a botanist for the U. S. government. He spent the rest of his career after 1952 back at the New York Botanical Garden. At the same time, he also served on the faculties of Columbia University and the City University of New York.<br />
<br />
This brief essay cannot begin to detail Cronquist’s monumental contributions to botany – those encompass a huge body of field observations as well as landmark treatises on botanical theory and principles. Cronquest's many honors include the Asa Gray Award, for career achievement, from the American Society of Plant
Taxonomists, and the Linnean Medal for Botany.<br />
<br />
His obituary noted that he, “was also a recognized expert on the plants of the Western United States. He wrote or contributed to nearly all the major works on plants of the region and was at work on a six-volume series about the plants of the Intermountain West when he died.” <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivM0c1nnz-SN5yJ1q0Y2Da1v_YMj-PHJJBFGeVF0diG7KuxyJ0Yj6nAcue7ikNkpsODDUixA7JV5rDwnOvQ0TJiTGtjybwx2XEPIbKV2JS8glY84vmV5nxYH68fC6Nowtrc-wVIeL1Mgg/s1600/Sunflowers.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivM0c1nnz-SN5yJ1q0Y2Da1v_YMj-PHJJBFGeVF0diG7KuxyJ0Yj6nAcue7ikNkpsODDUixA7JV5rDwnOvQ0TJiTGtjybwx2XEPIbKV2JS8glY84vmV5nxYH68fC6Nowtrc-wVIeL1Mgg/s320/Sunflowers.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sunflowers. U. S. Dept of Agriculture.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In fact, Cronquist died on Sunday, March 22, 1992. He was then scheduled to be featured speaker the following Friday for the Annual Symposium of the Idaho Academy of Science, in Caldwell. A hastily-organized tribute session extolled Arthur’s professional legacy as well as his humanity: Colleagues and students remembered him as an animated raconteur, clever punster, and a helpful and caring friend. He was also renowned as a boisterous singer. One colleague said, “About the halls of the New York Botanical Garden, Cronquist bellows Russian folk songs. (He has an excellent bass voice.)”<br />
<br />
After the meeting, I prepared a summary of the event for the Academy newsletter. I found it fascinating that the speaker had subconsciously slipped into the present tense. (Nor was he the only one who did so.) My comment: “Cronquist was obviously a man so alive in life, he barged full-bellow into a tribute after his death.”<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: Theodore M. Barkley, “In Memoriam: Arthur Cronquist: An Appreciation,” <i>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</i>, Vol. 119, No. 4, Lawrence, Kansas (1992). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“Biographical Note,”<i> Arthur Cronquist Records (1939-1992),</i> Mertz Library, The New York Botanical Garden (1999). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>E. E. Filby, “Memories of Dr. Arthur Cronquist,”<i> The Retort,</i> Vol. 28, No. 3, Idaho Academy of Science, Idaho Falls (September 1992). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“Obituary: Arthur Cronquist,” <i>The New York Times</i> (March 26, 1992). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-7454125780631543662024-03-18T01:02:00.000-06:002024-03-18T01:02:00.129-06:00Bonneville County Rancher, Developer, and Public Servant Hank Kiefer [otd 03/18]Henry W. “Hank” Kiefer was born March 18, 1851 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania … one of twelve children born to the family between 1844 and about 1863. As a boy, he served an apprenticeship as a machinist, while also working part-time for his father, a Master Tanner. His father died in 1865, his mother two years later. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhX2MEP8m4Y41eh4rQ4oiXWL76YtxFh3GKtMC5lyquGs-idBs7rsqqvfMKseU5zcL_Kx64KmyruXegmp-xfddZgDpogEPxl0qazzDDMFxP5zZdy-HW6BfKQQYvGK-UHM3zJFPYeRKgnNg/s1600/Promontory-69.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhX2MEP8m4Y41eh4rQ4oiXWL76YtxFh3GKtMC5lyquGs-idBs7rsqqvfMKseU5zcL_Kx64KmyruXegmp-xfddZgDpogEPxl0qazzDDMFxP5zZdy-HW6BfKQQYvGK-UHM3zJFPYeRKgnNg/s320/Promontory-69.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Golden Spike Ceremony. National Park Service.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In 1869, Hank decided to head West. French’s <i>History</i> specifically mentions June as the date when he arrived in Colorado. It may well be significant that the transcontinental railroad had been completed just a month earlier.<br />
<br />
Within a year or so, Kiefer landed a job with Coe & Carter, a well-known Omaha firm that had major contracts to supply ties and lumber for the Union Pacific Railroad. Over the next few years, the job took Hank through Wyoming, Utah, and into Idaho.<br />
<br />
In 1878, the Utah & Northern Railway extended its narrow gauge tracks across eastern Idaho, headed for Montana. Kiefer took charge of a logging camp on the South Fork of the Snake River. As the tracks approached the Montana border in the spring of 1879, Hank moved the camp closer to Monida Pass.<br />
<br />
Kiefer worked on tie contracts in the Rocky Mountains until the spring of 1883. At that time, he purchased a ranch on Willow Creek, northeast of Eagle Rock (now Idaho Falls). There, he raised cattle, farmed, and also planted an apple orchard. Four years later, Eagle Rock school teachers took their pupils on a field trip to see the first home-grown apples in the Upper Snake River Valley.<br />
<br />
Hank spent the rest of the 1880s tending to his crops and livestock. Thus, the <i>Idaho Register</i> in Idaho Falls reported (October 1, 1887), “Hank Kiefer has purchased from Taylor & Smith one of the latest improved hay balers and will soon commence operating it, when he will be prepared to ship hay.”<br />
<br />
In 1892, he was elected Assessor for Bingham County. At that time, the county encompassed most of eastern Idaho. He then served two years as sheriff, before being elected again as County Assessor.<br />
<br />
In the summer of 1901, Kiefer, like many others, took a fling at the the Klondike gold rush, where he apparently did better than most. The following year voters elected him to a term in the Idaho Senate. <br />
<br />
As his farm-ranch operation prospered, Kiefer invested in irrigation projects, real estate, and a mercantile company in Iona. He remained president of one canal company for nearly twenty-six years, until the holdings were reorganized as a cooperative water district.<br />
<br />
In 1907, his expertise in land development, and his Republican Party loyalties, led President Theodore Roosevelt to appoint Kiefer to be Register for the U. S. Land Office in Blackfoot. He would subsequently be re-appointed to that position by President Taft.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbgQKIKiXAJ1SuMHRKtzM0qaVJbrs710OeaednudXihz45OAE9QU-yeINAfQrX42IgNpu5zA5p42Ug135WYNWglbc07Y9Ps9fvrK5XW8IAmMUjlVLX0gYhRfyhIfDdZY6AyOQMg-0gyKA/s1600/IF_Libr-1915.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbgQKIKiXAJ1SuMHRKtzM0qaVJbrs710OeaednudXihz45OAE9QU-yeINAfQrX42IgNpu5zA5p42Ug135WYNWglbc07Y9Ps9fvrK5XW8IAmMUjlVLX0gYhRfyhIfDdZY6AyOQMg-0gyKA/s320/IF_Libr-1915.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Idaho Falls Carnegie Library construction, ca 1915.<br />
Bonneville County Historical Society.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
However, he still retained an interest in Idaho Falls and, in 1908, donated a lot to be used for a public library. A committee proceeded with a request for a Carnegie Library grant and the facility opened in 1916. After his tenure as Land Office Register ended, Hank became a member of the Idaho Falls City Council. In late 1917, he served a half-year as Acting Mayor.<br />
<br />
After that, Kiefer began winding down his active participation in business and politics. He lived a comfortable retirement until his death in 1937. <br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Barzilla W. Clark, <i>Bonneville County in the Making,</i> Self-published, Idaho Falls, Idaho (1941). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Mary Jane Fritzen,<i> Idaho Falls, City of Destiny, </i>Bonneville County Historical Society, Idaho Falls (1991). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“Golden Jubilee Edition, 1884–1934,” <i>Idaho Falls Post-Register </i>(September 10, 1934). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-60885014365910353182024-03-17T01:02:00.000-06:002024-03-17T01:02:00.122-06:00Medical Researcher and Teacher Thomas C. Galloway, M.D. [otd 03/17]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDJpfvpvgCZ4rrme9lEq67BUHhlAA-pwJcdIhCxjSbGMdXk3uugVsnPaVAK9B8yZGhH7cokT6WIlG5IVTUPUiR0z9ZMPy_FCpaEpPpEaf04q3QitDi48gp2V9m7yxujiYLBok4uWLLwGw/s1600/TC_Galloway-Jr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDJpfvpvgCZ4rrme9lEq67BUHhlAA-pwJcdIhCxjSbGMdXk3uugVsnPaVAK9B8yZGhH7cokT6WIlG5IVTUPUiR0z9ZMPy_FCpaEpPpEaf04q3QitDi48gp2V9m7yxujiYLBok4uWLLwGw/s200/TC_Galloway-Jr.jpg" width="151" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Galloway.<br />
University of Idaho Archives.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Eminent physician Thomas C. Galloway was born March 17, 1886 in Boise. As a researcher at the Northwestern University Medical School, Galloway made award-winning discoveries in the symptomatic treatment of "bulbar" poliomyelitis, one of the most dreaded diseases of the Twentieth Century.<br />
<br />
His father, of the same name, was among a handful of whites who first settled along the Weiser River in 1863 [blog, June 6]. The elder Thomas married in 1868 and began raising a family. After about fifteen years, Galloway owned a huge herd of horses. However, his oldest children were also approaching high school age, and he and wife Mary felt their local educational opportunities were limited.<br />
<br />
Father Tom sold his horses, and one of two ranches they then owned, and moved the family to Boise City. There, he bought a home as well as much other real estate. It was also there that Thomas, Junior, was born. The Galloways remained in Boise until the older children had completed high school, then moved back to Weiser in 1896-1899.<br />
<br />
Thomas, Junior, arrived at the University of Idaho campus at a time of substantial growth. During that general period, contractors completed a new women's dormitory, a gymnasium, and a new science hall. Of course, he would have also been on campus when fire destroyed the Administration Building at the end of March 1906: He graduated that spring.<br />
<br />
He taught chemistry at the University for a year and then moved on to the University of Chicago. The <i>Idaho Statesman </i>proudly reported (May 19, 1911) that Galloway was “winning high honors in scholastic and athletic lines” there. As a junior at the University's Rush Medical College, he had already published a paper in the <i>American Journal of Physiology. </i>Moreover, having taken up wrestling for exercise, he had become a two-time wresting champion at the school.<br />
<br />
Galloway earned a medical degree from Rush Medical College in 1912. He spent the rest of his life in the Chicago area, although we're told that, "At his ranch in Idaho, Dr. Galloway hosted family reunions each summer for fifty years."<br />
<br />
Thomas spent over a half century affiliated with the Evanston Hospital, and taught for many years at two other area hospitals and the Northwestern University Medical School. Galloway eventually served as Director of the Medical School. He authored or co-authored numerous medical publications.<br />
<br />
His most noted discovery involved the use of tracheotomy to treat "bulbar" poliomyelitis. This polio variant causes severe breathing difficulties even before paralysis impacts the diaphragm and lungs.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbYAHfMA7ynemX3ew_M18c7-vqaRdQcZyC8lC5F-XFUp0LH7AqaTc3fCRLdtvtG9A3r6d4Br7X-zSE2vSaUZq_4ig04Fo1r9FDYhqHlbOGtecXsuqp1D2lKeDL5uQ4wTB5koAY6hm_0zk/s1600-h/Iron_Lungs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbYAHfMA7ynemX3ew_M18c7-vqaRdQcZyC8lC5F-XFUp0LH7AqaTc3fCRLdtvtG9A3r6d4Br7X-zSE2vSaUZq_4ig04Fo1r9FDYhqHlbOGtecXsuqp1D2lKeDL5uQ4wTB5koAY6hm_0zk/s320/Iron_Lungs.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Iron lung ward for treatment of polio victims, ca. 1953.<br />
U.S. Food & Drug Administration.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Galloway carefully studied the risks associated with the tracheal operation versus the known breathing problems, including fatal respiratory arrest. His 94-page monograph describes the results and preferred procedure in great detail. His work is credited with saving hundreds of lives, and is still valid today, although polio vaccines have reduced the disease from a widespread, frightening scourge to a relatively uncommon pathology. <br />
<br />
Dr. Galloway received many awards: An Honorary Doctor of Science degree from UI, recognized as a Distinguished Alumnus by Rush Medical College, and the James E. Newcomb Award from the American Laryngological Association. Galloway passed away in February 1977.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: Richard J. Beck,<i> Famous Idahoans,</i> Williams Printing, (© Richard J. Beck, 1989). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Thomas C. Galloway, <i>Treatment of Respiratory Emergencies including Bulbar Poliomyelitis, </i>Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK (1953). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Rafe Gibbs,<i> Beacon for Mountain and Plain: Story of the University of Idaho,</i> The Caxton Printers, CaIdwell (© 1962, Regents of the University of Idaho). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Frank Harris, "History of Washington County and Adams County,"<i> Weiser Signal </i>(1940s). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-31761744065026906822024-03-16T01:10:00.000-06:002024-03-16T01:10:00.122-06:00Steamboat Pioneer and Coeur d’Alene Booster Joseph C. White. [OTD 03/16]Coeur d’Alene developer Joseph Clarence White was born March 16, 1865 in a tiny settlement about 35 miles south of Omaha, Nebraska. The family moved to Colorado when Joseph was about eleven years old. After high school, he enrolled at the University of Denver. He completed a B.A. degree in 1888, even though the family had claimed a homestead in the Idaho Panhandle a year or so before that.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9apjEBCRTKj-aRNPypdk4GiZ2h3PZEgx_RlOopX_wAB_3SMeq2ngsoumLFN8l0SYNsOTMjvZWJ5u3Gpc2_gRBszX-hkM1Bl85ZXa6__JpwMaPUMhB61M9pa7odgUyWZYNNRztfM5QMZg/s1600/White%252C+JC.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="418" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9apjEBCRTKj-aRNPypdk4GiZ2h3PZEgx_RlOopX_wAB_3SMeq2ngsoumLFN8l0SYNsOTMjvZWJ5u3Gpc2_gRBszX-hkM1Bl85ZXa6__JpwMaPUMhB61M9pa7odgUyWZYNNRztfM5QMZg/s200/White%252C+JC.jpg" width="170" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">J. C. White. [French]</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
For four years, J.C. (as he was known throughout his adult life) worked as a railroad construction engineer in north Idaho. Then, in 1892, he claimed a homestead about 40 miles northeast of Moscow. The following year, the Idaho road commission appointed J.C. to survey potential routes in Latah County. Although he retained his homestead, J.C. apparently moved to Rathdrum some time after his marriage in January 1896. For two years around the turn of the century, he was the official Surveyor for Kootenai County. Following that, he served a term in the Idaho House of Representatives.<br />
<br />
After his term, he had a fine home built in Coeur d’Alene. He headed a company that owned at least a share of an electric rail line connecting Coeur d’Alene to Spokane. Then, in June 1903, the company launched a large new steamboat, the <i>Idaho</i>, to operate on Lake Coeur d’Alene. Described as “a hustler, a mover and a pusher,” J.C. soon expanded his steamboat holdings, buying up smaller competitors.<br />
<br />
He was also a man of “great personal charm,” who enjoyed life and liked to party. Thus, he became an enthusiastic and effective promoter of the business as well as recreational opportunities in the Coeur d’Alene region. He helped found a local Chamber of Commerce, which he led for a time, and encouraged the formation of other societies and associations.<br />
<br />
Still, for all his charm and<i> bon vivant</i> nature, J.C. was not averse to the “hard-ball” competitive tactics of that era. Thus, in April 1908, he persuaded the owner of a controlling interest in his largest, most persistent competitor to sell out to him. His Red Collar Steamship Company would hold a virtual monopoly on lake traffic for perhaps a decade. However, that became less profitable over time as rail lines and better roads for trucks began to penetrate the east side of the lake.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqa0phazeZIfyI1TKl-JykjAc0n4dqMt81htoZnhhdi6U7iuGnxsGXCMiEx4otiD9y7N4CUSeswHEtnqGBSD1lHlWtNXk7R67v1ooXO8a3-_pNOZlxQ_NTYobNdaTC4cKA_rEnhVtUEZc/s1600/Steamer+Idaho.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="678" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqa0phazeZIfyI1TKl-JykjAc0n4dqMt81htoZnhhdi6U7iuGnxsGXCMiEx4otiD9y7N4CUSeswHEtnqGBSD1lHlWtNXk7R67v1ooXO8a3-_pNOZlxQ_NTYobNdaTC4cKA_rEnhVtUEZc/s400/Steamer+Idaho.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Steamer Idaho. Washington State Archives, Digital Collections.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Oddly enough, in his eagerness to promote the area, J.C. also weakened one of his main holdings. As chairman of a commission on roads, around 1920 he spurred construction of the first concrete-paved road in Idaho, connecting Coeur d’Alene to Spokane. Soon, the electric rail link began to lose money. That, plus increased competition against the steamship line, finally forced the company into receivership in August 1922. (A new owner for the Red Collar line held on until 1929, when it was sold as a log transport operation.)<br />
<br />
J.C. did not give up entirely; he had a smaller boat built for lake traffic and ran that until 1930. He also had numerous other interests and investments to keep him busy: several banks (sometimes as an officer), silver mines, and more. Moreover, in July 1931, at the age of 66, he accepted an appointment from the Idaho Bureau of Highways as maintenance supervisor for all of northern Idaho. He went into semi-retirement after about two years at that task.<br />
<br />
Still, in 1940, now aged 75, he was serving as Weed Control Officer for Kootenai County. A year or so after that, he began to suffer from chronic heart disease and cut back entirely. He passed away in April 1953.<br />
<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French], [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“Death of J. C. White … ,” <i>Spokesman-Review,</i> Spokane, Washington (April 7, 1953).</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Ruby El Hult, <i>Steamboats in the Timber,</i> The Caxton Printers Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho (© Ruby El Hult, 1952).</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“[White Newspaper Articles],” <i>Silver Blade,</i> Rathdrum, Idaho;<i> Spokesman-Review, </i>Spokane, <i>Spokane Review, Spokane Chronicle</i>, Washington (June 1893 – March 1933).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-52513314529950546562024-03-16T01:05:00.000-06:002024-03-16T01:05:00.121-06:00Workmans' Compensation Law Initiated in Idaho [otd 03/16]On March 16, 1917, Governor Moses Alexander signed Idaho's first Workers' Compensation law. The state thus joined a trend that began in this country around 1910-1911, and even earlier in Europe. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJJRfFL0aXIrb4u3imacYLE_Hrh2GmiPUb61ljQHimymjGVnBGjllGBx3dSbmpk0MLCHf8J_jS7ZS7uK00q-INT-lTsIwx0jAMJH_SXsalEzWoqdpslcenPB2gNfLQKh7-1BvrNyg3vyk/s1600/Gov_Alexander.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJJRfFL0aXIrb4u3imacYLE_Hrh2GmiPUb61ljQHimymjGVnBGjllGBx3dSbmpk0MLCHf8J_jS7ZS7uK00q-INT-lTsIwx0jAMJH_SXsalEzWoqdpslcenPB2gNfLQKh7-1BvrNyg3vyk/s200/Gov_Alexander.jpg" width="190" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Governor Alexander.<br />
McDonald, <i>Moses Alexander.</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Historically, records of the concept date back almost as far as we have writing … some four thousand years. It seems likely that the idea grew right along with the notion of one man paying another to work for him. Written laws, like the ancient Hammurabic Code of 1750 B.C., provided detailed schedules: so many drachmas (or other monetary unit) for loss of a finger, and so on.<br />
<br />
Ancient writings indicate that the codes based such schedules on the actual disability assumed to be associated with a specific, “quantifiable” injury … broken or severed limb, loss of an eye, crushed foot, etc. The concept of <i>impairment</i> (diminished ability to perform a task) due to an injury was undeveloped or non-existent. Thus, a “bad back” or double vision from a blow to the head might not be grounds for compensation, even if you lost your job because of it.<br />
<br />
In Europe, after a hiatus during the Middle Ages, the “common law” began to provide some recourse for an employee injured on the job. However, those precedents set the bar very high before the employer had to pay anything. The injured party had to prove a considerable degree of negligence on the part of the employer.<br />
<br />
If a worker’s actions, or those of a fellow employee, somehow contributed to the injury, the employer was off the hook. Stumble and fall off a scaffold that had no safety rails … sorry, you should watch your step. A guy above drops a hammer on your head … sue him.<br />
<br />
Workers might not even be compensated if they were injured by a "known" hazard of the workplace. They were judged to have "assumed that risk" when they took the job. People accepted exceedingly dangerous jobs – like hard-rock mining – because those positions paid better than ordinary work.<br />
<br />
The Industrial Revolution had brought with it many new risks, with more workers exposed to those dangers. Under common law, injured workers generally had to file civil lawsuits to have any hope of compensation. The worker usually lost, but not always … so employers had to worry about defending such cases, as well as paying off the occasional big loss.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoj7gmPmNdgpah1AzkJf06RT7w_tWWg90uhtQWOCjFfniVczBYKYvPNKqUgPaxOzx8H8Jtrv2N-cKDE-SVchjKu6PR0ip7lnTPm6hglvZYOXB11YamNL8JF_c6HgRQJb1P8pTYk_o6MU4/s1600/Workshop1919.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoj7gmPmNdgpah1AzkJf06RT7w_tWWg90uhtQWOCjFfniVczBYKYvPNKqUgPaxOzx8H8Jtrv2N-cKDE-SVchjKu6PR0ip7lnTPm6hglvZYOXB11YamNL8JF_c6HgRQJb1P8pTYk_o6MU4/s1600/Workshop1919.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Workshop, ca. 1919. Personal Collection.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
As suits by injured employees proliferated, industry leaders decided an insurance program, coupled with exemptions from all those legal actions, would be cheaper in the long run. In 1884, the first effective workers’ accident insurance laws went on the books in Prussia.<br />
<br />
The trend spread to the United States in 1905-1908. Observers usually credit Wisconsin with the first effective workers’ compensation laws in the U.S., in 1911. (Laws passed a year earlier in New York state had been gutted by constitutional issues.) During the next five or six years, over thirty other states followed suit.<br />
<br />
The Idaho governor called for a program in his 1913 message to the legislature, but nothing happened. The subject does not seem to have come up in the 1915 session. Then, in 1917, Governor Alexander urged passage of a system “drafted in accordance with the highest ideals of giving adequate compensation to the injured.”<br />
<br />
The legislature did pass such a law, which Alexander signed on April 16th.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Price V. Fishback, "Workers' Compensation,"<i> EH.net Encyclopedia, </i>Robert Whaples (Ed.), Economic History Association (March 26, 2008). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Gregory P Guyton, “A Brief History of Workers' Compensation,”<i> The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal,</i> Vol. 19 (1999) pp 106-110. </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Dylan J. McDonald (ed.), <i>The Moses Alexander Collection</i>, Idaho State Historical Society, Boise (2002). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-83719714123136599602024-03-15T01:33:00.000-06:002024-03-15T01:33:00.121-06:00Boise Developer and Saloon Owner Madison Smith [otd 03/15]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSMz-khUdtPFhHjzlTt-T7cN_yI7h9MwFSpK-GVp3k3W0Xdx6rpZPH0651sjsCb679LpoIcnf9U04f0rKY5q9Xm9cION2Tcp-XWWSUrO9_dL1puXcFOCecamHTjYsQUfB6o1UvxHYCZdg/s1600-h/MC_Smith.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSMz-khUdtPFhHjzlTt-T7cN_yI7h9MwFSpK-GVp3k3W0Xdx6rpZPH0651sjsCb679LpoIcnf9U04f0rKY5q9Xm9cION2Tcp-XWWSUrO9_dL1puXcFOCecamHTjYsQUfB6o1UvxHYCZdg/s200/MC_Smith.jpg" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Madison Smith. H. T. French photo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Boise pioneer Madison C. Smith was born March 15, 1839 in Richmond, Missouri, about 35 miles northeast of Kansas City. The family moved West in 1851, crossing Idaho in a wagon train. Local Indian unrest was rising at that time, but the party had no trouble. They settled in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Unfortunately, Indians killed Madison’s father in 1856, so he had to work the family ranch until his mother remarried.<br />
<br />
Madison was out on his own by 1860, and had built up a small stake. In 1864, he and his brother-in-law loaded a mule train with freight for the gold camps near Idaho City. That area was apparently well-supplied when they arrived, so they moved on to profitably sell their goods in Boise City. Although Smith retained some property and a house in Oregon, he made his home in Boise for most of his remaining years.<br />
<br />
Smith found odd jobs where he could for awhile, and then settled into working at a popular saloon. Finally, the<i> Idaho Statesman</i> reported (August 14, 1873) that “Jim Lawrence and M. C. Smith will open out, this week, a saloon in the brick building formerly occupied by … a barber shop. … They understand the business, have many friends, and will endeavor to please their patrons.”<br />
<br />
They moved into a larger space after six years or so, but the Lawrence & Smith Saloon remained a fixture on Main Street for at least 15-18 years. It appears that Madison went into business by himself around 1890. We do know he bought a lot near downtown a year after that (<i>Idaho Statesman</i>, June 14, 1891). <br />
<br />
In 1893, Smith took a minor flyer in politics: He ran for Boise City Tax Collector on the Populist Party ticket led by his nephew, who was running for Mayor. (His brother-in-law, Peter J. Pefley, had been elected mayor in 1887.) Voters crushed the Populist slate and there's no evidence that Smith took any further interest in politics.<br />
<br />
Madison, who never married, largely held aloof from the “boom" mentality of many frontier city developers. His conservative approach was surely influenced by a disappointment in 1896-1897. Smith had loaned money to his brother-in-law and sister to invest in a saddlery company. But the firm collapsed (<i>Idaho Statesman</i>, September 6, 1896), and he recovered less than half his investment.<br />
<br />
Even so, Madison was comfortable enough in his financial circumstances that he listed himself as “capitalist" in the U. S. Census for 1900. At that point, he still owned at least one saloon, and may have had property in Lewiston, where his brother-in-law had moved. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuOlPMGJeteV47cwZcdOl93QtWP3PBTIaCR6qMyVV5YTV_2Gmx4jI0ujNoZ0Tpu025sT5E1dfsSaSuC0g19RYXGiGNJvbovLwyCTq6LVFmUAzMFnfOnBgRdHOq2ohDvmnXevvnOoE-EPk/s1600/UnionBlock.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuOlPMGJeteV47cwZcdOl93QtWP3PBTIaCR6qMyVV5YTV_2Gmx4jI0ujNoZ0Tpu025sT5E1dfsSaSuC0g19RYXGiGNJvbovLwyCTq6LVFmUAzMFnfOnBgRdHOq2ohDvmnXevvnOoE-EPk/s400/UnionBlock.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Union Block, Boise. Library of Congress</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Smith closely followed the building boom that gripped Boise in 1902. Various organizations initiated ten major projects that year, including a new Episcopal Cathedral, a high school, and several commercial blocks.<br />
<br />
One such project was the so-called “Union Block," on the northeast side of Idaho Street between Seventh and Eight, and one street over from Madison's saloon property on Main. Three years later, Smith sold the saloon and used the proceeds to buy an interest in the Union Block (<i>Idaho Statesman</i>, October 4 and November 29, 1905).<br />
<br />
Madison soon moved into an apartment in the Union Block and managed his leased properties from there. He passed away from pneumonia in June 1921, after a year of increasingly poor health.<br />
<br />Today, the Union Block – still in use – is on the National Register of Historic Places. Also, according to the Idaho State Historical Society, the Society now owns a fancy hardwood bar that once belong to Smith. He reportedly ordered it from “the Brunswick Company" around 1890, and it continued in use at various locations for about seventy years. The bar is still in use for special events at the main museum.<br /><u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: French, [Hawley]</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“Boise Building Chronology,”<i> References Series No. 672</i>, Idaho State Historical Society (1983). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-43089907423792955372024-03-14T01:02:00.000-06:002024-03-14T01:02:00.126-06:00Militia Organized Again, Then Becomes the Idaho National Guard [otd 03/14]In an interesting coincidence, two different March 14 dates are significant for the Idaho National Guard. On March 14, 1889, Edward A. Stevenson, governor of Idaho Territory, sent a letter to the Quartermaster-General of the U. S. Army, stating that the citizens of Boise had organized a company of militia. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0EBX9juURUs4F_5pmWMfKYTCNXyOKmPCca5CDFdYSF4fz9dtNjl-LmTyz-BQwh88taNzzEZhG7-QHIWePYSscM2nUCHy4LZQKe202QMjGc-M1wjtlUBLJOz-SPa5O4mrTd6i6CDolefI/s1600/Stevenson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0EBX9juURUs4F_5pmWMfKYTCNXyOKmPCca5CDFdYSF4fz9dtNjl-LmTyz-BQwh88taNzzEZhG7-QHIWePYSscM2nUCHy4LZQKe202QMjGc-M1wjtlUBLJOz-SPa5O4mrTd6i6CDolefI/s200/Stevenson.jpg" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Governor Stevenson.<br />
City of Boise photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
This action followed over a decade during which the Territory had no authorized military force at all. In the early gold rush days, miners had assembled<i> ad hoc </i>companies to fight Indians. These Volunteer troops became somewhat more formalized for the so-called "Snake War" in 1864-1868, but many lasted only a few weeks.<br />
<br />
However, during Idaho's final Indians wars of 1877-1879, the Territory had companies of Idaho Volunteer Militia (a "Regiment," but in name only) as well as numerous local militia units. The latter included three from Boise City alone (the "Boise Mounted Rangers," etc.), and at least eight others (the "First Payette Guards" and so forth). All these organizations disbanded when the last groups of Indians had been forced onto reservations. Around 1879, Governor Mason Brayman urged the legislature to create a formal Territorial-wide militia. However, for various reasons, mostly political, nothing was done.<br />
<br />
So matters remained until President Grover Cleveland appointed Stevenson as Territorial Governor. The first actual Idaho resident chosen for that position, he had moved to Idaho in 1864, and was familiar with its militia history. Stevenson had, in fact, encouraged the Boiseans to form their company, which they styled the "Governor's Guards."<br />
<br />
The state had no particular budget for such an organization, so the governor asked the Quartermaster-General if the Army could, and would, provide suitable uniforms, arms, and ammunition. The General's specific answer was unreported at the time, but he must have been agreeable: The Governor’s Guards were in full operation by early May. The <i>Idaho Statesman</i> reported (July 3, 1889) that “the ladies of Boise” would present them with a “beautiful banner” during a ceremony on the 4th of July.<br />
<br />
Idaho soon had militia companies organized in Weiser, Grangeville, Albion, Eagle Rock, and Hailey.<br />
<br />
In 1889, Stevenson and his successor called for a constitutional convention, preparatory to asking Congress to make Idaho a state. That document explicitly defined a militia. Then,<span style="color: #073763;"> </span><b style="color: blue;">on another March 14</b> – in 1891 – a new state governor signed the Act that formally organized the militia, soon to be called the Idaho National Guard. The legislation also provided an appropriation to supplement funds from the federal government for uniforms and equipment. <br />
<br />
Within about a year, the Governor found a use for the new organization: He called the Guard out to restore order in the Coeur d’Alene mining districts, where union unrest had escalated into violence. <br />
<br />
In 1898, the U.S. President, for the first time, called out the Idaho Guard to meet a national emergency – the Spanish-American War. To bolster the severely undermanned Regular Army, President William McKinley mobilized Guards units from all over the country.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTItlyV0JXh7bi-rdCo9zoprxclESey8vWPIm_gvyVtUUfRqdZBcm1E-8piSiG4NSvZsgLbsZSssGypyj6_Y2BZow4V7TglKEYIaxj5eAL6SxkfS19k8Bzp5WAVpjtE0NbZLR4yFoybLI/s320/1st_Idaho-1899.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">First Idaho in the Philippines, 1899. National Archives.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Under that directive, the Idaho Guard became the First Idaho Regiment, a unit of the U. S. Army Volunteers. The First Idaho landed in the Philippines in early August, and saw most of its action helping check the Filipino insurrection. The regiment returned to the States and demobilized in September 1899.<br />
<br />
The Guard structure remained in place, of course. It’s next major call-up was for duty on the Mexican Border in 1916 [blog, June 18].<u> </u><br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [Hawley]</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Orlan J. Svingen (Ed.),<i> The History of the Idaho National Guard,</i> Idaho National Guard, Boise (1995). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-83102288933586852412024-03-13T01:07:00.000-06:002024-03-13T01:07:00.127-06:00Idaho State Highway Commission Created to Improve Transportation System [otd 03/13]On March 13, 1913, the Idaho legislature established the State Highway Commission. They thus joined a nationwide trend to raise highway planning and construction to the state level. Prior to that, roads had been almost exclusively a local concern.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeOmbzXfnbXDlAw46tKxAQLZAfS5L-i5QfEu_Fp1tAU-nq3Aml4rTI7Nev28_D2hIv7LFDKjjo8d8B3ONLYSAk-ZV8XNvvjWNQ-dV9CVcJp2T3nkhPABA7b5CE2gJqWkNj41ILN-DQ4ko/s1600/EarlyRoad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeOmbzXfnbXDlAw46tKxAQLZAfS5L-i5QfEu_Fp1tAU-nq3Aml4rTI7Nev28_D2hIv7LFDKjjo8d8B3ONLYSAk-ZV8XNvvjWNQ-dV9CVcJp2T3nkhPABA7b5CE2gJqWkNj41ILN-DQ4ko/s1600/EarlyRoad.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Country "Road." National Archives.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Of course, emigrant wagons cut the first roads across Idaho, starting in the early 1840s. The pioneers naturally did only enough to make the route passable. In 1857-1860, the U. S. Army built the first planned roads in the area: The Lander Cutoff, shortening the distance to old Fort Hall, and the Mullan Road across the Idaho Panhandle [blog, Feb 5].<br />
<br />
Aside from those exceptions, private companies built most roads, usually as toll routes. Thus, in 1886, Silas Skinner and his partners completed their toll road into Silver City, Idaho [blog, May 19]. Grants for toll franchises – roads, bridges, and ferries – filled the legislative records throughout the early Territorial period.<br />
<br />
Some businesses and individuals opened roads on their own. In 1882, pioneer Charles Walgamott “built” a stagecoach road to carry patrons from the train station at Shoshone to his claim overlooking Shoshone Falls, perhaps the first tourist attraction in Idaho. They replaced the normal wheel tires (the outer metal strap) with a cutting band, and then simply ran their coach back and forth over the route. Charlie averred that the exposed edges “helped make the road, but say, for some time that was the roughest road any mortal ever traveled over.”<br />
<br />
The action shifted to more local oversight as towns and counties became organized. Thus, County Commissioners denied a renewal of the franchise for the old toll bridge at Eagle Rock (soon to be Idaho Falls), and declared it a public highway in April, 1889.<br />
<br />
Such fragmented control resulted in a patchwork of good to atrocious tracks that might or might not provide an actual transportation "system." The drive for greater state oversight began around 1891 in the heavily-traveled East, and slowly spread. The<i> Idaho Register </i>(Idaho Falls, June 7, 1912) noted that "Since that time about two-thirds of the states of the Union have adopted some form of state aid or state supervision."<br />
<br />
Idaho's new state Commission immediately began identifying routes for an integrated array of state highways. One priority was a modern highway to more or less parallel, and replace, the old Oregon Trail route across the state. Another would bridge the central Idaho wilderness to connect Boise to Grangeville and Lewiston.<br />
<br />
Construction of some parts of the new system began as soon as funds became available. In 1919, the state moved to consolidate its infrastructure development within a Department of Public Works. The Commission became the Bureau of Highways, reporting to that Department.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-3zK7yQIWO1jZ7LNHGMW4T72LohtH8mhEO8rfi3dT9xr7Jv3HSjxy4MMc8Xj0OGKtXiEF1FTj-9rP9C8G23rg_feWdaMY_RMORwXmew0esPV7tYQO786RuBmH1hHW82BdOE6juYl6tk/s320/1stTruck.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Idaho Highway Dept's “cook shack" and first truck, ca. 1920.<br />
Idaho Department of Transportation.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Another reorganization followed in 1951, and then in 1974 highway-related activities became the responsibility of the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD). Eight years later, the state moved the vehicle licensing office from the Department of Law Enforcement to the ITD, where it became the Division of Motor Vehicles.<br />
<br />
The ITD's role is to extend the trend started in 1919: to integrate road, rail, water, and air transport to best serve the needs of people and businesses.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [Brit], [French], [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Mary Jane Fritzen,<i> Eagle Rock, City of Destiny,</i> Bonneville County Historical Society, Idaho Falls, Idaho (1991). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“Idaho’s Motor Vehicle History,” <a href="http://itd.idaho.gov/">Idaho Department of Transportation</a> (2006).</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Charles S. Walgamott,<i> Six Decades Back,</i> The Caxton Press, Caldwell, Idaho (1936).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-14599754752847852024-03-12T01:03:00.000-06:002024-03-12T01:03:00.128-06:00State Authorizes Precursor to Idaho State Historical Society [otd 03/12]On March 12, 1907, Idaho's government authorized the "Historical Society of Idaho Pioneers" to become a state-supported entity called the "Historical Society of the State of Idaho." The enabling act included a $3,500 appropriation for expenses, and provision of space in the capitol building. The "Pioneers" organization had been created in 1881 to preserve memories of how the Territory was formed. That organization was largely dormant for many years, except for a revival in 1896 under Governor William J. McConnell [blog, September 18.] <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRVLUhGinCFe7LSBm3B7I_V1VMRh7_RyQ-fvjIAT6_aho1EiEMoVNUAbOd-JNW-2fvLojtHomrpf0evAjVdhr-LNQMla5DBAOeiVNVXu10Np7CbQL4UVwma63pknlHrUC5i2rWQh_qpI/s1600-h/JohnHailey.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRVLUhGinCFe7LSBm3B7I_V1VMRh7_RyQ-fvjIAT6_aho1EiEMoVNUAbOd-JNW-2fvLojtHomrpf0evAjVdhr-LNQMla5DBAOeiVNVXu10Np7CbQL4UVwma63pknlHrUC5i2rWQh_qpI/s200/JohnHailey.jpg" width="170" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hon. John Hailey.<br />
Hailey, <i>History of Idaho</i> photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A couple months after the authorization, administrators appointed John Hailey to be the head librarian, a position he held for the rest of his life. Hailey had been among the first pioneers in 1862, built a considerable stagecoach enterprise, served in the Territorial Council, and acted as delegate to the U.S. Congress [blog, Aug 29].<br />
<br />
The creation Act also directed the governor to appoint a Board of Trustees for the Society. Governor Frank Gooding appointed the first, which included: James A. Pinney (progressive former mayor of Boise, blog Sept 29), Dr. Henry L. Talkington (history professor at the Lewiston State Normal School), and Mrs. Leona (Hailey) Cartee. The only daughter of John Hailey, Leona had pushed for formation of the Society, and would later help foster the Boise Public Library.<br />
<br />
Three years after the appointment, Hailey published a <i>History of Idaho </i>in part, he wrote, to correct "the many misstatements published about Idaho in early days, and particularly concerning the character and conduct of the good people of those days."<br />
<br />
The <i>Idaho Statesman</i> quoted (January 8, 1917) from Hailey’s fifth biennial report: Hailey noted that their historical exhibit had had to move three times and “now occupy five rooms in the old capitol building.” He also said, “We now have these five rooms pretty well filled up and will soon need more room.”<br />
<br />
When Hailey died in 1921, Ella Cartee Reed – Leona Cartee's sister-in-law – carried on as Secretary and Librarian. At the time of that transition, former Idaho Governor James H. Hawley [blog, Jan 17] was President of the Board of Trustees.<br />
<br />
In his letter of transmittal for the required 1923-1924 biennial report, Hawley argued that the Librarian and her Assistant "should be given a salary commensurate with the importance of their positions and the character of their duties." Hawley held the Board presidency until his death in 1929. To the end, he continued to ask, in vain, for an improvement in those salaries.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3dMS834QmInt3rwSKKKiYBruFpI_4gm5JIRFuy2xZvsO6Q4t_Sf_LT1OZzDpqAMLHXA4hylu_bWyiBXEWtplffwQ-ZFyJsHrR1SnoNteqL42iwnboa5TBsU84iUZzWITt8kkxbIS4mQ/s1600-h/Id_HistoryCtr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3dMS834QmInt3rwSKKKiYBruFpI_4gm5JIRFuy2xZvsO6Q4t_Sf_LT1OZzDpqAMLHXA4hylu_bWyiBXEWtplffwQ-ZFyJsHrR1SnoNteqL42iwnboa5TBsU84iUZzWITt8kkxbIS4mQ/s320/Id_HistoryCtr.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Idaho History Center.<br />
Wikipedia photo contributed by Amy Vecchione.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Reed retired in 1931. From then until 1947, perhaps because the position was an underpaid "labor of love," the position changed each time a new Governor took office. In 1939, the title became "state historian."<br />
<br />
Also in 1939, the legislature authorized new quarters for the Society's collections, but construction did not start until 1941 … and was then suspended due to World War II. Operations limped along with limited staff until about 1947, when the Society became the custodian of the Idaho State Archives. In 1949-1950, new construction initiatives finally gave the Society desperately needed new space.<br />
<br />
After about 1956, the Society began to offer paid memberships to the general public. Up until then, the organization had been funded entirely by legislative appropriation. Today, the ISHS operates programs at eight different locations in Boise and four historical sites around the state. Visitors will find exhibits and the Society's Public Archives and Research Library at the Idaho History Center, in Boise.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Reference: [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Directors and Secretaries of the Idaho State Historical Society History," <i>Reference Series No. 882</i>, Idaho State Historical Society (1989). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>John Hailey,<i> History of Idaho, </i>Syms-York Company, Boise, Idaho (1910). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Idaho State Historical Society History,"<i> Reference Series No. 848,</i> Idaho State Historical Society (1986).</td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>James H. Hawley,<i> Eighth Biennial Report of the Board of Trustees of the State Historical Society of Idaho</i>, Boise (1922). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-51905926302552325452024-03-11T01:04:00.000-06:002024-03-11T01:04:00.128-06:00Act Signed to Create Academy of Idaho, Today’s Idaho State University [otd 03/11]On March 11, 1901, Governor Frank W. Hunt signed an Act to establish an educational institution in Pocatello. Incorporated in 1889, the town had grown explosively and topped 4,000 citizens in the 1900 census.<br />
<br />
The authorization for a school, to be called the “Academy of Idaho,” came with a catch, however. The townspeople had to supply land for the institution. The subsequent dispute almost killed the Academy before it started. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifdGqg8QzGDBkz-hAMjF_YUg7xe_isLRm6JEM3MVsDfBIrXOEGRKn0xmPohmh-J9k9VuzY2BPjIqinVTjPA3Mheyn3zQgsdn_ajPq-1AUsYjlHEyNNBVdiy5pkzc9CjhHxMUJiQFwxJJE/s1600/Acad_Admin.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifdGqg8QzGDBkz-hAMjF_YUg7xe_isLRm6JEM3MVsDfBIrXOEGRKn0xmPohmh-J9k9VuzY2BPjIqinVTjPA3Mheyn3zQgsdn_ajPq-1AUsYjlHEyNNBVdiy5pkzc9CjhHxMUJiQFwxJJE/s320/Acad_Admin.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Administration Building, Academy of Idaho, ca. 1912.<br />
H. T. French image.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Heated arguments arose as various factions pushed locations all around the valley. Finally, with the legislature's deadline approaching, they settled on what is now the lower part of the ISU campus. Construction soon began, and the school greeted its first classes in the fall of 1902 [blog, September 22].<br />
<br />
The legislature tried to make sure the new school did not compete with the University of Idaho for students. In fact, they hoped the curriculum in Pocatello would encourage some to go on the Moscow. They specified that the curriculum should include “all the branches commonly taught in academies and such various courses as are usually taught in business colleges.”<br />
<br />
Legislators also considered vocational training appropriate, making the new school more or less equivalent to our notion of a two-year community college. John W. Faris, the experienced educator who became the Academy’s first Principal, had more ambitious plans. Still, he did quickly initiate a preparatory curriculum, knowing that many prospective students had limited (or no) access to high school classes.<br />
<br />
A few years later, he began what we now call a “continuing education” program, with a particular emphasis on summer classes for pre-college teachers. The <i>Idaho Statesman</i> reported (May 9, 1913) that the sessions were very popular, and reminded prospective attendees that, “ Special attention will be given to those courses of study required for the certification of teachers.”<br />
<br />
Encouraged by the response, school officials soon began to harbor aspirations to attain full four-year status. That battle would rage for over thirty-five years. The only immediate result was a slight expansion and a name change - to "Idaho Technical Institute" (ITI) - in 1915. And the legislature made the Institute’s subordinate role crystal clear: The curriculum “shall include two years and not more than two years of college grade and such work below college grade as the conditions of the educational system of the state render desirable.”<br />
<br />
As the school expanded, pressure from local boosters continued, but backfired again. In 1927, the legislature made ITI a subordinate division of the University of Idaho. For the next twenty years, the Pocatello school would be the "Southern Branch of the University of Idaho" (UI-SB).<br />
<br />
Although it was touch and go at times, the school survived the Great Depression and World War II. The vast influx of G.I. Bill students after the war caused many strains, but helped the UI-SB finally attain its goal. In 1947, the school became Idaho State College, an independent, four-year institution. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvXY7BKhcJY6rBc8d4l2Je3PQxkAZwjSrb-S39ZBABXgLEb4s7fi_g5XNaQZNng7R4o73zNv3XDdqp7-s36rpNLWU6gp3bHwyiSAWFKp8EdD1Jtwm6L2qr8rSfTrdnpOQR2ykc6IrkwE4/s1600/ISU_Campus.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvXY7BKhcJY6rBc8d4l2Je3PQxkAZwjSrb-S39ZBABXgLEb4s7fi_g5XNaQZNng7R4o73zNv3XDdqp7-s36rpNLWU6gp3bHwyiSAWFKp8EdD1Jtwm6L2qr8rSfTrdnpOQR2ykc6IrkwE4/s320/ISU_Campus.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Main campus, Idaho State University.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
After sixteen years of curriculum and enrollment expansion, they were given university status in 1963.<br />
<br />
In August 1986, the school dedicated its Research and Business Park, meant to act as an incubator for new ventures and to provide space for public and private research laboratories.<br />
<br />
Today, the university has an enrollment of over 15 thousand students, with three branch locations, and millions of dollars in research and teaching grants.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French], Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Diane Olson,<i> Idaho State University: A Centennial Chronicle,</i> Idaho State University (2000). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-76146168065503132622024-03-10T01:02:00.000-07:002024-03-10T01:02:00.232-07:00Colonel Judson Spofford: Civil War Veteran, and Idaho Developer [otd 03/10]Civil War veteran and Idaho developer Judson Spofford was born March 10, 1846 in Derby, Vermont, two or three miles from the Canadian border. The family had a proud military heritage. A great-great-grandfather was a colonel in the Revolutionary War and that man’s son served in the Quartermaster Corp. Another forebear served in the War of 1812. Judson enlisted in the 10th Vermont Regiment in July 1862. The regiment saw minor action initially, and just missed participation at Gettysburg in 1863.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhTkou97npj8eEnhLI04JLEpZtt7V8G-38BNDfaDt8Zr364U-59NAv8PRQGqN9T3sn6GUgYSg6RMzxm8LE3VgSRXpmHewztP145sdAxXPpXvik03XtkyHIKUMNs5rhO_1Fdhyphenhyphen3WgZr1GU/s1600-h/Petersburg_Inf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhTkou97npj8eEnhLI04JLEpZtt7V8G-38BNDfaDt8Zr364U-59NAv8PRQGqN9T3sn6GUgYSg6RMzxm8LE3VgSRXpmHewztP145sdAxXPpXvik03XtkyHIKUMNs5rhO_1Fdhyphenhyphen3WgZr1GU/s320/Petersburg_Inf.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Union infantry in Fredericksburg trenches, 1863.<br />
Library of Congress.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Later, the 10th Vermont fought in many celebrated battles of the Army of the Potomac: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, and the Siege of Petersburg. In July 1864, they also took part in the relatively little-known Battle of Monocacy Junction, 30-40 miles northwest of Washington, D. C. That clash, while technically a Union defeat, kept Confederate troops from hitting the capital before reinforcements could arrive to drive them off.<br />
<br />
On March 25, 1865, Private Spofford himself was almost killed by a Minie ball during the Union counter-attack at Fort Stedman, in the Petersburg fortifications. The severity of his wound kept him in hospital when the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered two week later.<br />
<br />
After the war, Spofford spent three years in Vermont and then moved to West Virginia. There, he worked for a railroad company for a number of years. He was also active in party politics and, in 1880, President James Garfield appointed him Postmaster in Huntington. He acquired the "Colonel" honorific while in West Virginia – and certainly he had seen more action and suffered more than most "titular" colonels. Then the lung damage from his wound finally forced him to seek the more healthful climate of Idaho.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEScFqOnJJxwuNqDY4uHbY7y8g6WBE6Ze8t5zF0FnL_rlYBgueVzUlXTmFhFlMJ__XhDZsDw7JGy05x9F5IPSEFpW3KMawQb-s6ThaQqAg5T55HTRMI1U5hmpU1DCAYw552ASxc6DRFNE/s1600-h/Spofford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEScFqOnJJxwuNqDY4uHbY7y8g6WBE6Ze8t5zF0FnL_rlYBgueVzUlXTmFhFlMJ__XhDZsDw7JGy05x9F5IPSEFpW3KMawQb-s6ThaQqAg5T55HTRMI1U5hmpU1DCAYw552ASxc6DRFNE/s200/Spofford.jpg" width="151" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Col. Judson Spofford.<br />
J. H. Hawley photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Spofford arrived in 1884 and immediately purchased a Boise Valley farm. He then acquired and expanded a herd of purebred dairy cattle. From that, he produced a noted line of high grade butter. <br />
<br />
Farming led him into various irrigation canal projects, including improvements to what eventually became today's Riverside Canal. That enterprise sparked Spofford's interest in hydroelectric power, including a plant on the Payette River. <br />
<br />
In addition to these projects and various real estate developments, Spofford promoted construction of Boise's Broadway Bridge. This fueled considered expansion of residential areas in "South Boise" – on the southwest side of the Boise River. The colonel also helped initiate a street car line, including a branch that served South Boise.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj74gM1g_1cE9i5-45K8jBIiriTkiZZ-2Jk2U1Drv09JZj2dICGjCur1JwduiJQABd4eKSi6nosFlpFi8GepkzvIk0WwPG9bAqsaWWaMS521bb39uMPWqV-MKHZKXS0ye0HZlBkJLoRCyc/s1600-h/StreetcarBrdway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj74gM1g_1cE9i5-45K8jBIiriTkiZZ-2Jk2U1Drv09JZj2dICGjCur1JwduiJQABd4eKSi6nosFlpFi8GepkzvIk0WwPG9bAqsaWWaMS521bb39uMPWqV-MKHZKXS0ye0HZlBkJLoRCyc/s320/StreetcarBrdway.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">South Boise streetcar on the Broadway Bridge.<br />
City of Boise.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Not content with all that, Spofford sought opportunities around the state. He invested in valuable mining properties, but competitors thwarted his attempt to build an electric railway to connect Lewiston and Grangeville. In his 1920 <i>History of Idaho</i>, Hawley wrote, "During the past third of a century there has perhaps been no one in Idaho who has been a more consistent supporter of the Gem State than he."<br />
<br />
Spofford remained vigorous and active well into his eighties. At one point, he even traveled back east to the Monocacy battlefield to consult with a historian writing an account of the battle. He returned in 1936 to take part in a parade of Grand Army of the Republic veterans in Washington, D. C. He was then the last known Union Army survivor of the Battle of Monocacy Junction. The colonel passed away about a year later at the veterans’ hospital in Boise. Spofford was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Marc Leepson,<i> Desperate Engagement, </i>Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press, New York (2007). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td><i>Original South Boise Neighborhood Plan, City of Boise (2003). </i></td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Pioneer-Dixie Ditch Company,"<i> Reference Series No. 509,</i> Idaho State Historical Society (1996). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Glenn H. Worthington, <i>Fighting for Time</i>, Press of Day Printing Company, Baltimore, Maryland (1932). </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-20071010223907845102024-03-09T01:10:00.000-07:002024-03-09T01:10:00.135-07:00Rigby and Fremont County Physician Ray Fisher [otd 03/09]Prominent Fremont County physician Ray Homer Fisher, M. D., was born March 9, 1883 in Oxford, Idaho. At the time, Oxford was an important commercial and shipping center. One of Ray’s older brothers was George Howard Fisher, first Commissioner of the Idaho Industrial Accident Board [blog, December 5]. Their father was William F. “Billy” Fisher, a famous rider for the Pony Express. When the Express disbanded in late 1861, Billy settled in northern Utah, where George was born. He moved to Oxford five years before Ray was born.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsp5s5FKe2ndWNimsnXoVLN-IeKjHH2VAP42A2gRbA6fb4gJ4V5AXKKt4Z4kQSYc-mC-38e0bN4m99CJvH34BwvgHqjz-zF2VTEJ_X_2vzwkyMbqP6sKqGQG88aYX1AFMK2o3fxDWExto/s1600/Fisher%252C+RH.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="400" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsp5s5FKe2ndWNimsnXoVLN-IeKjHH2VAP42A2gRbA6fb4gJ4V5AXKKt4Z4kQSYc-mC-38e0bN4m99CJvH34BwvgHqjz-zF2VTEJ_X_2vzwkyMbqP6sKqGQG88aYX1AFMK2o3fxDWExto/s200/Fisher%252C+RH.jpg" width="131" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Fisher. Family Archives.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Ray attended public schools in Oxford until he was sixteen year old. He then entered the prep school at the Utah Agricultural College (now Utah State University). His college major was chemistry, but he was also active in debate and public speaking. Fisher graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1904. After a year as a school principal in Fremont County and a brief stint as chemist for a sugar company, Ray landed a job at the University of Colorado. While he taught chemistry and toxicology, he also pursued a medical degree, gaining his M. D. in 1909. <br />
<br />
Fisher performed fill-in work in northern Utah and eastern Idaho before establishing a practice in Rigby. Almost immediately, he was appointed Health Officer for Fremont County, spending two years in that position. A few years later, after Jefferson County was split off from Fremont County, he served two years as Health Officer for the new county. From 1915 to 1919, Fisher was a member of the Idaho Board of Medical Examiners. Along with that he was Medical Examiner for the Jefferson County enlistment office during World War I. All that and his regular practice was apparently not quite enough, however: Fisher also held a position as Divisional Assistant Surgeon for the Oregon Short Line railroad for ten years.<br />
<br />
Professionally, Fisher held memberships in the American Medical Association, the Idaho State Medical Association and several regional medical societies. At one meeting of the state Association, he spoke on “Differential Diagnosis of Appendicitis and Typhoid.” Between 1916 and 1920, the doctor took three “sabbaticals” to pursue further education as an eye, ear, nose and throat specialist. <br />
<br />
Besides his practice and medical studies, Fisher invested in several local businesses, including a bank and a pharmacy. He was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. While he never held high office in the church, he served in several capacities, with a particular interest in education. Fisher also played an active role in Democratic Party politics, although he never ran for office himself. For a time, he chaired the Democratic Central Committee for Jefferson County.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBw2y-Ta8y9VXuEW50BJ423Mn72ZuxLTNZPQaPXVn3eRSbZ3Uyg-MOLLiauo_9ykzAuM08qEf6TM3hB4gfCWWHbRzmM-yJ905XImObz_EPWZWYOafMLaMKboMSFNbOUCnr19gG23JxviU/s1600/Rigby_1919.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="391" data-original-width="600" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBw2y-Ta8y9VXuEW50BJ423Mn72ZuxLTNZPQaPXVn3eRSbZ3Uyg-MOLLiauo_9ykzAuM08qEf6TM3hB4gfCWWHbRzmM-yJ905XImObz_EPWZWYOafMLaMKboMSFNbOUCnr19gG23JxviU/s320/Rigby_1919.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rigby, ca 1919. [Hawley]</td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
Early on, Fisher had developed an interest in history. Thus, he often presented historical talks to various social groups. Later, he took a special interest in the story of the Pony Express, building on a memoir produced by his father. As it happened, William Fisher was in Rigby when he died in late 1919, then the body was returned to Oxford for burial. Ray’s mother lived in Rigby until her death three year after her husband.<br />
<br />
Fisher remained in Rigby until 1927, when he moved his family to Oakland, California. (His oldest brother had moved there earlier, apparently during World War I.) He maintained his practice there until about two years before his death in April 1952.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French], [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Ray H. Fisher, “The Dry Creek Massacre,”<i> The Pony Express </i>magazine, Placerville, California (January 1950). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>“[Ray H. Fisher News],”<i> Idaho Falls Times, Idaho Statesman, Ogden Standard-Examiner </i>(July 1914 – February 1922).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-23980486210092142862024-03-08T01:07:00.000-07:002024-03-08T01:07:00.139-07:00Indian Leader, Teacher, and Idaho Senator Joseph Garry [otd 03/08]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7lzqTXW00_WdJ5WtjbTOAaCWoMTeCEVDs_FNXXVY6GmJsQ1ETOBxxt6HheQuEA-APN4X9IEgWamPlODDu02hgCzNadxsG65kmYc-vAPalkJSdtjpynXYb9fnIhLTEveeeFoKe3DD4nS8/s1600-h/GarryIndian.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7lzqTXW00_WdJ5WtjbTOAaCWoMTeCEVDs_FNXXVY6GmJsQ1ETOBxxt6HheQuEA-APN4X9IEgWamPlODDu02hgCzNadxsG65kmYc-vAPalkJSdtjpynXYb9fnIhLTEveeeFoKe3DD4nS8/s200/GarryIndian.jpg" width="135" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Joseph Garry in<br />
traditional Indian regalia.<br />
Beal and Wells photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Prominent American Indian leader Joseph Richard Garry was born March 8, 1910 near Plummer, Idaho. (Plummer is about 25 miles south of Post Falls and Coeur d’Alene.) Of largely Kalispel and Coeur d’Alene Indian blood, Garry traced Flathead Indian heritage through his mother. For a variety of reasons, he was generally identified with the Coeur d'Alene Tribe. <br />
<br />
He was also a great-grandson of Chief Spokane, for whom that city was named, and sometimes appeared there in interpretative demonstrations of Indian ways and dress.<br />
<br />
After a common school education, Joe graduated from the preparatory school at Gonzaga. Over the years, he pieced together money enough for several years of college education, but was never able to complete a degree. In the early Thirties, he apparently survived by hunting, fishing, and working at various farms and ranches. Then, for four years after 1936, he held an administrative position with the Bureau of Indian Affairs.<br />
<br />
Garry enlisted in the U. S. Army in 1942 and served in Europe for three years. (Some accounts suggest he was a Marine, but enlistment and service records do not bear this out.) Recalled for the Korean War, he served there a year and emerged as a sergeant.<br />
<br />
Before and after his stint in Korea, Garry taught school in Plummer and twice served on the School Board there. In 1956, voters in Benawah County elected Joseph to the Idaho House of Representatives, the first Native American to be elected to that body. With that service as a base, Garry made a run for the U. S. Senate in 1960, but was defeated in the Democratic Party primary. Six years later, he was elected to the Idaho state Senate, becoming the first Native American to join that august group.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BDA1Kf__OPaT0Dgoq-va0P_6C1EnnOsSwWn9qciAKDoPk1CkMgOIwNEw2rM6roGoK0ceDQ3tUwJBhf6eR9_dfA-XxhvfLIXJq4bYR7lIjmQrqCndnFQiLtHJkZ871nyLA7sBtHRPCdo/s1600-h/GarryBiz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2BDA1Kf__OPaT0Dgoq-va0P_6C1EnnOsSwWn9qciAKDoPk1CkMgOIwNEw2rM6roGoK0ceDQ3tUwJBhf6eR9_dfA-XxhvfLIXJq4bYR7lIjmQrqCndnFQiLtHJkZ871nyLA7sBtHRPCdo/s200/GarryBiz.jpg" width="161" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Joseph Garry,<br />
legislator and spokesman.<br />
Beal & Wells photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
However, Garry made his most important mark as a spokesman for his tribe and for the general Indian community. He began taking an active role in 1948, during a crucial period when the U. S. government sought, in the name of ending “paternalism,” to do away with the various tribal governments. <br />
<br />
One of several who spoke for his people, Garry insisted that those organizations should be retained: Through those leaders, Indians controlled their own destinies, and the lands which were both their heritage and the only source of economic hope for the future.<br />
<br />
Garry served 25 years on the Coeur d’Alene Indian Tribal Council (thirteen as its chairman), and also six years as President of the National Congress of American Indians. In 1957, while he served in the Idaho House, Garry was honored nationally as the “Outstanding Indian” for that year. The<i> Spokeman-Review</i> (Spokane, July 23, 1957) noted that Joseph was “the first Northwest Indian to be chosen for the honor.”<br />
<br />
Through these avenues and an extensive speaking schedule, Garry and others successfully protected the integrity of tribal lands and helped improve economic conditions on the reservations. But times changed, and other voices arose to lead the Tribes; Garry was no longer their spokesperson when he died at the end of 1975 after a long illness.<br />
<br />
Still, a statement from the National Congress upon his death noted that Garry "was responsible for the Indians holding on to their land base, and he invented tribal government, as we know it."<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [B&W] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>John Fahey,<i> Saving the Reservation: Joe Garry and the Battle to be Indian, </i>University of Washington Press, Seattle (October 2001). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Frederick E. Hoxie (Ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of North American Indians,</i> Houghton Muffin, NY (1996).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-54703571177721823722024-03-07T01:02:00.000-07:002024-03-07T01:02:00.125-07:00Legislature Authorizes Albion State Normal School [otd 03/07]On March 7, 1893 the Idaho legislature passed a law to create Albion State Normal School, as they had authorized the Lewiston State Normal School earlier in the year [blog, Jan 6]. The Act required that land be donated as a site for the school (the offer had already been tendered) but did not appropriate any funds for construction. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJJWRO-0ZcyfgMzpegyoffx4w8Xyx76W1wMSNhPdILNm1Q_MIe3n9oVoRyb_A_vv472eS_ge-ZI_B8SesI014ZTErnSAoXaU8UXiyigUtdxuGlD9RkxUToJWHb-peA4eQxzNVWnvSJBTU/s1600/AlbionN-1910.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJJWRO-0ZcyfgMzpegyoffx4w8Xyx76W1wMSNhPdILNm1Q_MIe3n9oVoRyb_A_vv472eS_ge-ZI_B8SesI014ZTErnSAoXaU8UXiyigUtdxuGlD9RkxUToJWHb-peA4eQxzNVWnvSJBTU/s320/AlbionN-1910.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Administration building, ca 1910. H. T. French photo.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Nonetheless, the school began classes in September 1894, using a structure built by volunteers. The 1895 legislature authorized issuance of construction bonds and a new administration building was completed the following year.<br />
<br />
School enrollment grew steadily and, in 1901, the legislature provided funding for construction of a men’s dormitory. Officials called it Miller Hall, after Josiah Miller, who had donated the original plot of land. They added a women’s dormitory four years later. Over the next ten to fifteen years, Albion Normal acquired additional land and built more facilities.<br />
<br />
When the school first opened, officials had to face the reality that Idaho’s rudimentary school system produced few students qualified for a standard curriculum. Thus, the institution not only had to provide a considerable array of high school classes, they even had to dip down to the seventh and eighth grade for some candidates.<br />
<br />
That remained true even as late as 1914. Still, Hiram T. French wrote, “As fast as it is practical all studies properly belonging to the common school system are being eliminated, it being the aim finally to require a high school diploma for entrance.”<br />
<br />
Cost cutters made a number of attempts to eliminate the institution or move it into Burley. In an odd turn, one attempt failed because of foresighted (but flawed) planning in its passage. The bill, originated by the state Senate, included (<i>Idaho Statesman,</i> June 2, 1922) a tax levy, “to provide funds for starting the new buildings at Burley.” The Idaho Supreme Court overturned the Act on a technicality: revenue bills must be originated in the House of Representatives.<br />
<br />
In any case, the need for teachers was so great that the school thrived in the 1920s. Although enrollment fell early in the Great Depression, it recovered to peak in 1939.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WAivmw_n_DhbtC0_cktu6ZyG43CoSso7PtLMDWU7iYVg-9OONibyCqGWlH83ezLRzncBrWsSDXE6AuaUN_u2BLuNGY3D5w7ftoDtYRRnPO9yiTDPWG58wxCBsqmWrFF3ea4dXL9llXw/s1600-h/AlbionN-1922.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WAivmw_n_DhbtC0_cktu6ZyG43CoSso7PtLMDWU7iYVg-9OONibyCqGWlH83ezLRzncBrWsSDXE6AuaUN_u2BLuNGY3D5w7ftoDtYRRnPO9yiTDPWG58wxCBsqmWrFF3ea4dXL9llXw/s320/AlbionN-1922.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Albion State Normal School, 1922. Albion Valley Historical Society.</td></tr>
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By then, however, the Albion and Lewiston schools were out of step with the times. Most states had abandoned the two-year Normal School track in favor of a four-year teachers’ college approach. Idaho had two of just five Normal schools remaining in the entire country. <br />
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In 1943, Idaho reluctantly granted the Normals four-year status, the last state to make the move. Both schools began “acting the part,” and the legislature went along in 1947. Albion Normal became the Southern Idaho College of Education (SICE, with NICE in Lewiston).<br />
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After a dip during World War II, the postwar influx of G.I. Bill students provided several years of surging enrollment for the newly-name SICE. However, the old arguments against having so many four-year schools soon arose again. With three other four-year schools turning out teachers, the state could dispense with one.<br />
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In May 1951, SICE – once Albion State Normal School – held its final commencement exercise. The school had made an indispensable contribution to Idaho education, but it was doomed by its relatively isolated location.<br />
<u> </u><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>References: [French], [Hawley] </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>"Albion State Normal School: Historical Sketch,"<i> Idaho State University Manuscript Collection </i>(online). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Keith C. Petersen,<i> Educating in the American West: One Hundred Years at Lewis-Clark State College</i>, 1893-1993, Confluence Press, Lewiston, Idaho (© Lewis-Clark State College, 1993). </td></tr>
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Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8144412872099377367.post-57557696259576053622024-03-06T01:00:00.000-07:002024-03-06T01:00:00.131-07:00Canal Company Executive, County Commissioner, and Farmer Arthur Goody [otd 03/06]<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGGDtzBdyMJnRKbdu1kYeijQl3R2l-Z7bqw_LYbGBRDzwZuh0GIrCG3UYRlPyntVFTuAyhxC0Ia9Cd3obfA8LzPVam5KKLWaZm4NWUPspSU_GgSR-pkSszePu1K9LyFrFVb6NcfT9zQv8/s1600/Arthur_Goody.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGGDtzBdyMJnRKbdu1kYeijQl3R2l-Z7bqw_LYbGBRDzwZuh0GIrCG3UYRlPyntVFTuAyhxC0Ia9Cd3obfA8LzPVam5KKLWaZm4NWUPspSU_GgSR-pkSszePu1K9LyFrFVb6NcfT9zQv8/s200/Arthur_Goody.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Commissioner Goody.<br />
J. H. Hawley photo.</td></tr>
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Prominent farmer and Jefferson County Commissioner Arthur James Goody was born March 6, 1871 in Cache County, Utah, 10-15 miles northwest of Logan.<br />
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His father, Arthur Joseph, had come to the United States from England in 1863, when he was in his early teens. The parents – Mormon converts – followed a year later and settled on land north of the Great Salt Lake. By 1870, Arthur Joseph had married and moved to the area where Arthur James was born.<br />
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In 1883, the family took up a homestead a mile or so east of Lewisville, Idaho. Lewisville, located 12-14 miles north of Eagle Rock (now Idaho Falls), was one of several towns founded after the Utah & Northern Railroad laid tracks through Eastern Idaho in 1879. Arthur James worked on the family farm until he was twenty-two years old. (Although not “technically” correct, newspaper accounts of the time commonly referred to Arthur Joseph as “Sr.” and the son as “Jr.”)<br />
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Then, in 1893, Arthur Jr. married and built a home in Lewisville. He also bought some unimproved farm land a mile south of town. With improvements to that tract, and purchase of additional acreage, Arthur soon developed a highly successful mixed-crop farm operation of his own.<br />
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Arthur participated heavily in local civic affairs, including eight years as a Jefferson County Commissioner. He also served sixteen years as a school trustee. Arthur spent four years on the Lewisville town board and, after the village incorporated in 1904, served a term as mayor.<br />
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Arthur took an active interest in various irrigation projects. That included working with his father on some of the precursors to the Great Feeder Canal, which went into operation in 1895 [blog, June 22]. Later, he served on the Board of Directors of the Little Feeder Canal Company (<i>Idaho Register,</i> May 23, 1902). Four years after that, he represented Lewisville at a national Irrigation Congress held in Boise (<i>Idaho Statesman</i>, July 22, 1906).<br />
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In the spring of 1909, Arthur Sr. moved to Idaho Falls. (His wife had died three years earlier.) Not long after, Arthur Jr. bought his father’s ranch property and thereafter ran both operations. Under the title “Crops Fine at Lewisville,” the <i>Idaho Falls Times</i> reported (November 7, 1911) a remarkably productive year for his farms. On his original property, Arthur raised wheat, oats, alfalfa, sugar beets, apples, and raspberries. On the other, he raised more hay, grain, and sugar beets, as well as potatoes, plumes, prunes, and currants.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwZWOyQWIs84as91l5tY4C3ZmCiAmNZnRTuaSIcaBfNI58bGqpyYWHZ9EpIW3akqaBtnEuXD3Do8_G5BJ1MFuL6N_n_D1ppBZDfsclq-H3-7XFZ_-WhZh_vMi8B33WdEtu6cHvLOsksI/s1600/GFeederHdGate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNwZWOyQWIs84as91l5tY4C3ZmCiAmNZnRTuaSIcaBfNI58bGqpyYWHZ9EpIW3akqaBtnEuXD3Do8_G5BJ1MFuL6N_n_D1ppBZDfsclq-H3-7XFZ_-WhZh_vMi8B33WdEtu6cHvLOsksI/s320/GFeederHdGate.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Headgates, Great Feeder Canal.</td></tr>
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Early in the Twentieth Century, farmers had begun to form cooperatives under various titles like “Farmers’ Society of Equity.” They hoped to present a united front in dealing with banks, shippers, and farm product buyers. The<i> Idaho Falls Times</i> reported (January 21, 1913) an organizational meeting in Lewisville, at which Arthur was selected as President of the local chapter. He was associated with the group when it became the Intermountain Farmers Equity.<br />
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Besides his farm interests, Arthur held stock in a regional mercantile company. By 1920, he was President of the Great Feeder Canal Company, a position he held for many years. He passed away in September 1943. In 1990, the original Goody homestead qualified as an Idaho Century Farm, being still owned by a descendant of Arthur Joseph Goody.<br />
<u> </u><br />
References: [Hawley]<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="3" summary="Ref"><tbody>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Louis J. Clements, <i>Centennial Farm Families</i>, Upper Snake River Valley Historical Society, Rexburg, Idaho (March 1991). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>Mary Jane Fritzen,<i> Eagle Rock, City of Destiny,</i> Bonneville County Historical Society, Idaho Falls, Idaho (1991). </td></tr>
<tr align="left" valign="top"><td>John L. Powell (Ed.), “Great Feeder Canal Company,”<i> Records Collection,
MSS 31,</i> Arthur Porter Special Collections, BYU-Idaho (January 23, 2002). </td></tr>
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Revue Guruhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10925903211294652386noreply@blogger.com0